Consistency and structural uncertainty of multi-mission GPS radio occultation records

Andrea K Steiner,Sergey Sokolovskiy,Doug Hunt,Florian Ladstädter,Marc Schwärz,Gottfried Kirchengast,Johannes K Nielsen,Stig Syndergaard,Hans Gleisner,Shu-Peng Ho,William Schreiner,Chi O Ao,Kent B Lauritsen,Anthony J Mannucci,Ulrich Foelsche,Torsten Schmidt,Jens Wickert,Ying-Hwa Kuo

doi:10.5194/amt-13-2547-2020

Abstract

Abstract. Atmospheric climate monitoring requires observations of high quality that conform to the criteria of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Radio occultation (RO) data based on Global Positioning System (GPS) signals are available since 2001 from several satellite missions with global coverage, high accuracy, and high vertical resolution in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. We assess the consistency and long-term stability of multi-satellite RO observations for use as climate data records. As a measure of long-term stability, we quantify the structural uncertainty of RO data products arising from different processing schemes. We analyze atmospheric variables from bending angle to temperature for four RO missions, CHAMP, Formosat-3/COSMIC, GRACE, and Metop, provided by five data centers. The comparisons are based on profile-to-profile differences aggregated to monthly medians. Structural uncertainty in trends is found to be lowest from 8 to 25 km of altitude globally for all inspected RO variables and missions. For temperature, it is < 0.05 K per decade in the global mean and < 0.1 K per decade at all latitudes. Above 25 km, the uncertainty increases for CHAMP, while data from the other missions – based on advanced receivers – are usable to higher altitudes for climate trend studies: dry temperature to 35 km, refractivity to 40 km, and bending angle to 50 km. Larger differences in RO data at high altitudes and latitudes are mainly due to different implementation choices in the retrievals. The intercomparison helped to further enhance the maturity of the RO record and confirms the climate quality of multi-satellite RO observations towards establishing a GCOS climate data record.

Highlights

Consistent and long-term stable observations are critically important for monitoring the Earth’s changing climate
The mean difference profiles for non-optimized bending angle and bending angle are smaller at upper altitudes for F3C, GRACE, and Metop compared to CHAMP due to enhanced receiver quality and smoother due to the larger number of data available
The noise reduction is visible in the optimized bending angle differences, for F3C, GRACE, and Metop

Summary

Introduction

Consistent and long-term stable observations are critically important for monitoring the Earth’s changing climate. In the free atmosphere above the boundary layer, uncertainties across data sets can be substantial, and observations of thermodynamic variables are sparse, especially when considering measurements capable of detecting changes in the climate state. This was identified as a key issue in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), stating the need for data with better accuracy for monitoring and detecting atmospheric climate change, in the upper troposphere and in the stratosphere (Hartmann et al, 2013). Steiner et al.: Consistency of multi-mission GPS radio occultation records

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