Abstract
In this paper, a new two-stage approach, involving an integral treatement of all quasi-random effects limiting the accuracy of relative GPS positioning and the method of moments to obtain final variance components regarding the effects of short-term (“far-field”) multipath (factor b), joint action of long-term (“near-field”) multipath and receiver antenna phase center offset and variations (factor a1), as well as joint action of tropospheric and ionospheric refraction (factor a2), is presented. In the study, GPS data collected on five baselines were used. Variance components of the quasirandom effects were obtained for the three relative GPS coordinates (e, n and u) using individually monthly datsets including daytime- and those including nighttime-wise ambiguity-fixed baseline solutions. The related results show that statistically significant inequality exists when comparing corresponding variances obtained for daytime and nighttime periods. It turned out that the following standard deviation estimates intervals are present (by the coordinates e, n and u, respectively): (a) daytime period: 3.3–6.9, 4.6–9.0 and 9.1–20.3 mm (factor b); 1.5–4.7, 1.9–7.0 and 3.4–21.9 mm (factor 1a ); 0.0116– 0.3282, 0.0103–0.2365 and 0.1222–0.7818 mm/km (factor a2); (b) nighttime period: 3.2–4.9, 4.7–7.3 and 8.4–15.4 mm (factor b); 0.8–3.8, 2.1–5.0 and 3.1–15.8 mm (factor a1); 0.0118–0.2734, 0.0097–0.2289 and 0.0752–0.6315 mm/km (factor a2).
Highlights
Many studies have been conducted with an aim to consider and represent statistical behaviour of unmodelled, i.e. residual effects arising in the relative GPS positioning
The author uses a linear model involving effects limiting relative GPS positioning accuarcy at once. The effects, such as short- (“far-field” multipath – FF MP) and long-term (“near-field” multipath – NF MP, receiver antenna phase center offset and variations – RAPCOV, tropospheric and ionospheric refraction – TI) unmodelled effects, are the only ones that must not be neglected when making a choice of baselines as in this study
One more method, as well as GPS data collected at ten ending stations two of which belong to MontePos (Montenegrin Permanent Network) (PODG and BAR), and remaining eight that have been integrated in EPN (EUREF Permanent Network) infrastructure (TORI, IENG, IGMI, PRAT, BOR1, WROC, BACA and BAIA)
Summary
Many studies have been conducted with an aim to consider and represent statistical behaviour of unmodelled, i.e. residual effects arising in the relative GPS positioning. The author uses a linear model involving effects limiting relative GPS positioning accuarcy at once The effects, such as short- (“far-field” multipath – FF MP) and long-term (“near-field” multipath – NF MP, receiver antenna phase center offset and variations – RAPCOV, tropospheric and ionospheric refraction – TI) unmodelled effects, are the only ones that must not be neglected when making a choice of baselines as in this study (each of them is of less than 300 km in length). In the previous work, related to the use of the twoway nested classification in GPS positioning, published by Anđić (2016, 2019a), only a baseline of 40 km in length was considered, and only ANOVA estimates obtained on the basis of daily datasets were presented. That is where the motivation for writing this paper came from
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