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Abstract
Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI) have become more prevalent in recent years, with dog-assisted interventions among the most popular. The literature suggests that a variety of dog-human interventions have the potential for beneficial outcomes for human participants and owners, however, critical gaps in knowledge still exist. Research addressing intervention outcomes for dogs, and the impact of AAI on the dog-human bond, has lagged behind. Even less is known about how dogs perceive child partners in AAI settings. The current study, which involved AAI for youth with developmental disabilities and their family dog, aimed to determine if the dog’s style of attachment to a primary adult caretaker in the home was predictive of dog-child attachment style pre-and post-intervention. Using a Secure Base Test (SBT), the attachment style of the family dog toward an adult owner/parent was evaluated, and the attachment style of the dog toward the participating child was assessed before and after the dog-assisted interventions. The dog’s attachment style to the child was then compared to the dog-parent attachment style. The findings show that all dogs with a secure attachment to the child at the initial assessment also had a secure attachment to the parent. It was also demonstrated that AAI has the potential to change the attachment style between a family dog and child to a more secure attachment, and that the dog-parent attachment style is a significant predictor of which dogs were able to develop a secure attachment to the child over the course of the AAI.
Highlights
Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI) have increased in prevalence in recent years (Julius et al, 2013; O’Haire, 2017)
Research indicates that the bonds between dogs and adult owners can fulfill the criteria of an attachment bond (Topál et al, 1998; Palmer and Custance, 2008; Mariti et al, 2013), and some studies have gone on to categorize dogs into formal attachment styles (Schöberl et al, 2016; Thielke et al, 2017)
The current findings demonstrate that, in at least some cases, dogs can form a secure attachment bond to a child in the household
Summary
Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI) have increased in prevalence in recent years (Julius et al, 2013; O’Haire, 2017). Little research has focused on the dog’s perception of, or response to, the human participant or the intervention experience. This factor could play an important role in the efficacy of the dog’s performance in the intervention and have implications for the wellbeing of both the dog and the human. Animals, including dogs, have been known to respond in less predictable ways in the presence of these populations which can in some cases lead to increased risk (Overall and Love, 2001; Yin, 2011). Less is known about why some dog-child pairs clash (e.g., specific stimuli, strained interaction history, etc.) and others form successful relationships in home and/or intervention settings
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