Abstract
ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) are among the most common opportunistic pathogens in nosocomial infections. ESKAPE pathogens distinguish themselves from normal ones by developing a high level of antibiotic resistance that involves multiple mechanisms. Contemporary therapeutic strategies which are potential options in combating ESKAPE bacteria need further investigation. Herein, a broad overview of the antimicrobial research on ESKAPE pathogens over the past five years is provided with prospective clinical applications.
Highlights
Enterobacter species) are among the a broad overview of the antimicrobial research on ESKAPE pathogens over the past five years is provided with prospective clinical applications
In 2018, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels, mental health side effects, and aortic dissections with fluoroquinolone antibiotics.[77]. Finafloxacin is another fluoroquinolone that exhibits optimum efficacy to bacterial infections in slightly acidic environments, including urinary tract infections (UTIs) and Helicobacter pylori infections.[78]. It was approved by the FDA as a topical suspension for the treatment of acute otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, based on the favorable results derived from two Phase III clinical trials (NCT01535560 and NCT01535599).[79]
ESKAPE pathogens such as P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, and Enterobacteriaceae.[110]
Summary
Antibiotics are classified according to their modes of action, which include interference with cell wall, DNA or RNA synthesis, lysis of the bacterial membrane, inhibition of protein synthesis, and inhibition of metabolic pathways. In 2018, FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels, mental health side effects, and aortic dissections with fluoroquinolone antibiotics.[77] Finafloxacin is another fluoroquinolone that exhibits optimum efficacy to bacterial infections in slightly acidic environments, including urinary tract infections (UTIs) and Helicobacter pylori infections.[78]. It was approved by the FDA as a topical suspension for the treatment of acute otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, based on the favorable results derived from two Phase III clinical trials (NCT01535560 and NCT01535599).[79]. It seems ozenoxacin is unlikely to be widely used in the treatment of impetigo because of the high cost compared with current recommended treatment therapies.[84] Nemonoxacin, another nonfluorinated quinolone, is under development for infections related to MRSA and vancomycin-resistant pathogens.
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