Abstract
The increased requirement of critical metals due to green technologies needs, together with the geopolitical environment to ensure these metals, has entailed decisive measures to avoid current supply insecurities in each country. These metals are essential to the products and services made and used daily, and contribute to sustaining and growing the economy. Thus, sustainable approaches from technological, environmental, economic and social point of view are needed to recover these metals from different resources. By using resources more efficiently, innovating in the concept of circular economy, it can be assure re-using, re-manufacturing or recycling of valuable materials. In this paper are presented some considerations related to using the waste dumps as potential resources to obtain critical metals by bio-metallurgical processes.
Highlights
The metals are precious raw materials to the economy of any country and need to be secured for sustainable production of key components of various products such vehicle production, electronics and IT hardware, low carbon energy technologies, mechanical, electrical and process engineering.The availability and supply of critical metals has a significant influence on the economy of any country by affecting manufacturing, export, and job creation
In the assessment of the criticality, the following factors and influences are taken into account: ‐ technical performance ‐ cost performance; ‐ substitute production; ‐ substitute criticality
A crucial aspect is related to increasing the rate of leaching and the tolerance of the microorganisms/consortia to different metals, in different types of primary/secondary materials
Summary
The metals are precious raw materials to the economy of any country and need to be secured for sustainable production of key components of various products such vehicle production, electronics and IT hardware, low carbon energy technologies, mechanical, electrical and process engineering. Potential alternate sources that are intensely considered include recycling from end-of-life metal wastes and recovery from mine tailings and wastewaters [1]. Biometallurgical technologies are most likely to find their niches in recovering critical metals from these waste residues. Some wastes can become valuable resources, supplying metals that are extracted today by other processes, promoting recycling, minimizing harmful waste and hazard and dissipation. Biotechnological recovery of critical and scarce metals has received significant interest because it can be used to treat diluted wastes and required low energy input [1]. Technology is crucial to improve recycling processes and to trace and capture secondary raw materials [3]
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