Abstract
From the first land plants to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today, environmental conditions have forced plants to develop molecular strategies to surpass natural obstacles to growth and proliferation, and these genetic gains have been transmitted to the following generations. In this long natural process, novel and elaborate mechanisms have evolved to enable plants to cope with environmental limitations. Elements in many signalling cascades enable plants to sense different, multiple and simultaneous ambient cues. A group of versatile master regulators of gene expression control plant responses to stressing conditions. For crop breeding purposes, the task is to determine how to activate these key regulators to enable accurate and optimal reactions to common stresses. In this review, we discuss how plants sense biotic and abiotic stresses, how and which master regulators are implied in the responses to these stresses, their evolution in the life kingdoms, and the domains in these proteins that interact with other factors to lead to a proper and efficient plant response.
Highlights
Plants are continuously exposed to harmful environmental conditions, and biotic and abiotic stressors limit crop yield and the land-use on earth
The notable NPR1 participation as a central regulator in biotic stress response in plants is highlighted in a genome-wide gene expression and network analysis in A. thaliana inferred from an assembly of available microarray data, where the results show that this plant species has evolved regulatory networks and subnetworks with high connectivity in terms of transcriptional regulation in response to changing environments; in these subnetworks, in particular, in the systemic acquired resistance (SAR), 2 of the 12 nodes are NPR1 and NIMIN1, NPR1 reinforced with experimental reported data (Carrera et al 2009)
These results indicate the importance of SNRK as a sensor and master regulator of the energetic and metabolic status of plant cells as well as active participation during adaptation to diverse abiotic stressors
Summary
Plants are continuously exposed to harmful environmental conditions, and biotic and abiotic stressors limit crop yield and the land-use on earth. AT1G78020 844137 Hypothetical protein confidence and low confidence level, respectively; this is similar to the KIN10 interactome, and includes phosphatase, sugar transporters and cyclic nucleotidegated channels (Fig. 2, Table 4) These results indicate the importance of SNRK as a sensor and master regulator of the energetic and metabolic status of plant cells as well as active participation during adaptation to diverse abiotic stressors. These conserved regulators are found in all eukaryotic organisms from simple unicellular fungi (yeast SNF1) to roundworms (AMP-activated kinase), insects (AMPK), plants (SnRK1) and animals (AMPK) and are the decisive regulators of the gene expression in response to energy or nutrient depletion-stressing conditions and, in some instances, are regulators of the activity of key metabolic enzymes (Polge and Thomas 2007) These protein kinases function as heterotrimeric complexes that require a catalytic a-subunit and regulatory b- and g-subunits for their structural stability and kinase activity. The high interspecies conservation observed for these molecular subunits assembled in a dynamic complex (Mediator complex) involved in signalling pathways, with prominent regulatory functions of gene expression, noteworthy implied in response to stress, explains and supports sufficiently their early evolutionary appearance and preservation in eukaryotes
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