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Abstract
Many of the genes involved in brain patterning during development are highly conserved in vertebrates and similarities in their expression patterns help to recognize homologous cell types or brain regions. Among these genes, Pax6 and Pax7 are expressed in regionally restricted patterns in the brain and are essential for its development. In the present immunohistochemical study we analyzed the distribution of Pax6 and Pax7 cells in the brain of six representative species of tetrapods and lungfishes, the closest living relatives of tetrapods, at several developmental stages. The distribution patterns of these transcription factors were largely comparable across species. In all species only Pax6 was expressed in the telencephalon, including the olfactory bulbs, septum, striatum, and amygdaloid complex. In the diencephalon, Pax6 and Pax7 were distinct in the alar and basal parts, mainly in prosomeres 1 and 3. Pax7 specifically labeled cells in the optic tectum (superior colliculus) and Pax6, but not Pax7, cells were found in the tegmentum. Pax6 was found in most granule cells of the cerebellum and Pax7 labeling was detected in cells of the ventricular zone of the rostral alar plate and in migrated cells in the basal plate, including the griseum centrale and the interpeduncular nucleus. Caudally, Pax6 cells formed a column, whereas the ventricular zone of the alar plate expressed Pax7. Since the observed Pax6 and Pax7 expression patterns are largely conserved they can be used to identify subdivisions in the brain across vertebrates that are not clearly discernible with classical techniques.
Highlights
Brain development is currently analyzed under the novel perspective of “genoarchitectonics,” which refers to the neural expression of genes coding proteins activated or repressed in spatially restricted patterns regulated by genomic regulatory regions (Puelles and Ferran, 2012)
The immunoblotting conducted with brain extracts of all the species used showed that the Pax6 and Pax7 antibodies labeled a single band at comparable molecular weight across species (Figure 2)
The specificity of the antibodies was determined by Western blot (Figure 2), and the comparative analysis of the expression patterns for Pax6 (Figures 3–6) and Pax7 (Figures 7 and 8) was carried out by means of immunofluorescence
Summary
Brain development is currently analyzed under the novel perspective of “genoarchitectonics,” which refers to the neural expression of genes coding proteins activated or repressed in spatially restricted patterns regulated by genomic regulatory regions (Puelles and Ferran, 2012) This is the case of the Pax gene family that possesses important roles in development and has arisen from the duplication of a single ancestral gene and/or chromosome during the early history of metazoans. Confers sequence-specific binding to DNA; in addition, Pax transcription factors may have an octapeptide motif and part or all of a homeobox DNA-binding domain (Balczarek et al, 1997; Chi and Epstein, 2002; Vorobyov and Horst, 2006; Lang et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2010) This family shows a high degree of evolutionary conservation throughout diverse lineages of metazoans, making it an ideal system to address relationships inside chordate phylum. In spite of the evolutionary conservation of the different Pax members, there are still important questions
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