Abstract
BackgroundCO and FT orthologs, belonging to the BBX and PEBP family, respectively, have important and conserved roles in the photoperiod regulation of flowering time in plants. Soybean genome experienced at least three rounds of whole genome duplications (WGDs), which resulted in multiple copies of about 75% of genes. Subsequent subfunctionalization is the main fate for paralogous gene pairs during the evolutionary process.ResultsThe phylogenic relationships revealed that CO orthologs were widespread in the plant kingdom while FT orthologs were present only in angiosperms. Twenty-eight CO homologous genes and twenty-four FT homologous genes were gained in the soybean genome. Based on the collinear relationship, the soybean ancestral CO ortholog experienced three WGD events, but only two paralogous gene pairs (GmCOL1/2 and GmCOL5/13) survived in the modern soybean. The paralogous gene pairs, GmCOL1/2 or GmCOL5/13, showed similar expression patterns in pair but different between pairs, indicating that they functionally diverged. GmFTL1 to 7 were derived from the same ancestor prior to the whole genome triplication (WGT) event, and after the Legume WGD event the ancestor diverged into two branches, GmFTL3/5/7 and GmFTL1/2/4/6. GmFTL7 were truncated in the N-terminus compared to other FT-lineage genes, but ubiquitously expressed. Expressions of GmFTL1 to 6 were higher in leaves at the flowering stage than that at the seedling stage. GmFTL3 was expressed at the highest level in all tissues except roots at the seedling stage, and its circadian pattern was different from the other five ones. The transcript of GmFTL6 was highly accumulated in seedling roots. The circadian rhythms of GmCOL5/13 and GmFT1/2/4/5/6 were synchronized in a day, demonstrating the complicate relationship of CO-FT regulons in soybean leaves. Over-expression of GmCOL2 did not rescue the flowering phenotype of the Arabidopsis co mutant. However, ectopic expression of GmCOL5 did rescue the co mutant phenotype. All GmFTL1 to 6 showed flower-promoting activities in Arabidopsis.ConclusionsAfter three recent rounds of whole genome duplications in the soybean, the paralogous genes of CO-FT regulons showed subfunctionalization through expression divergence. Then, only GmCOL5/13 kept flowering-promoting activities, while GmFTL1 to 6 contributed to flowering control. Additionally, GmCOL5/13 and GmFT1/2/3/4/5/6 showed similar circadian expression profiles. Therefore, our results suggested that GmCOL5/13 and GmFT1/2/3/4/5/6 formed the complicate CO-FT regulons in the photoperiod regulation of flowering time in soybean.
Highlights
CO and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) orthologs, belonging to the B-box family (BBX) and PEBP family, respectively, have important and conserved roles in the photoperiod regulation of flowering time in plants
The results suggest that in soybean there were more than one CO and FT orthologs with the function of flowering control
CO-like genes are ancient, whereas FT-like genes are recent in plants The profile-HMMs for the BBX family (PF00643) and the PEBP family (PF01161), including CO-like and FT-like genes, respectively, were employed through HMMER to search candidate genes of the two families in plants with available genomes, including two monocots (Oryza sativa and Zea mays), three eudicots (Vitis vinifera, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Glycine max), four gymnosperms
Summary
CO and FT orthologs, belonging to the BBX and PEBP family, respectively, have important and conserved roles in the photoperiod regulation of flowering time in plants. The photoperiod pathway, which includes a number of genes that form its core, as well as input and output genes, is very important for angiosperms to flower at a precise time in a year [1]. The circadian-regulated gene CONSTANS (CO) is a central regulator of this pathway, which coordinates light and clock inputs in leaves to trigger the expression of florigen gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) [2,3]. In Arabidopsis, a long-day (SD) plant, the transcript peak of CO mRNA occurs late in the day in LD, but after dusk in SD [4]. The CO-FT regulon is conserved among angiosperms analyzed, even though it has different modes in different species
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