Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation mechanism in eukaryotes, executing the breakdown of unwanted cell components and subsequent recycling of cellular material for stress relief through vacuole-dependence in plants and yeast while it is lysosome-dependent in animal manner. Upon stress, different types of autophagy are stimulated to operate certain biological processes by employing specific selective autophagy receptors (SARs), which hijack the cargo proteins or organelles to the autophagy machinery for subsequent destruction in the vacuole/lysosome. Despite recent advances in autophagy, the conserved and diversified mechanism of autophagy in response to various stresses between plants and animals still remain a mystery. In this review, we intend to summarize and discuss the characterization of the SARs and their corresponding processes, expectantly advancing the scope and perspective of the evolutionary fate of autophagy between plants and animals.
Highlights
To overcome the stress challenges, eukaryotes have evolved all sorts of sophisticated mechanisms to deal with the adverse effects of stress
The selective autophagy of ribosomes can be observed in plant cells in addition to the above-mentioned particular autophagy pathway: For instance, a selective autophagy mechanism relying on ATG5 has been found in Arabidopsis and is involved in rRNA
Over the last few decades, autophagy research has progressed to unprecedented depths, with studies on the interaction and communication between autophagosomes and other organelles
Summary
To overcome the stress challenges, eukaryotes have evolved all sorts of sophisticated mechanisms to deal with the adverse effects of stress. Autophagy is a quality control process in plants that fine-tunes the circulation of cell components During development, it plays a role in aging, pollen maturation, and Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1736. Macroautophagy is characterized by the presence of a large autophagic vacuole with a double-membrane structure that is utilized to package and transport toxic cytoplasmic components for degradation [13]. Throughout mega-autophagy, large amounts of hydrolases are released into the cytoplasm from the vacuole, resulting in large-scale degradation of cellular components including cytoplasm, all organelles, the plasma membrane, and part of the cell wall [12,13]. Unlike microautophagy and macroautophagy that recycle macromolecular constituents back to the cytosol from the vacuole, mega-autophagy is an extreme form of massive degradation leading to cell death [14]. We are in particular attempting to advance the current knowledge of autophagy and discuss the distinct and conserved mechanism of autophagy between plants and animals
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