Conservation zones in a cultural heritages area of Penanggungan Volcano, based on volcanic-hydrogeological assessment, Mojokerto Regency, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract

In the vicinity of Penanggungan volcano, Mojokerto regency, east Java, Indonesia, there is an area of cultural heritages, where numerous sites of ancient temples being distributed widely from the flank to near the summit. Fortunately the volcano has been not active anymore since the Holocene epoch. The surrounding area represents variety of volcanicstratigraphy, consisting of Watukosekvolcanic cone, Arjuna - Welirangvolcanic cones represented by Bulak dome, Penanggunganvolcanic cone represented by Bekel dome, Gajahmungkur dome, Genting dome, Bendo dome and Kemuncup dome. Hydrogeologically, the study area performs an aquifer system comprises intergrain, fracture, and intergrain with fracture combination water bearing formations. Some springs occur in the fracture aquifer and the intergrains with fractures aquifer. In general the quality of groundwater is good. Catchment area occupies the summit toward the flank of Penanggungan volcano, whereas runoff area lies on the lowlands.The distribution of ancient cultural sites in the study area can be divided into 5 (five) groups, including cultural sites group at Penanggungan Volcano, cultural sites group at Bekel Volcano, cultural sites group at Genting Volcano, cultural sites group at Kemuncup Volcano, and outer cultural sites group. Finally, based on its volcanic stratigraphy and hydrogeological conditions, the study area can be delineated to be three conservation zones namely zone of protected areas, zone of supporting areas, and zone of unprotected areas. The zone of protected areas is 5,577.78 hectares wide, containing units of protected forest area, critical land area, river border area, springs area, reserve area, cultural site and temple area, area with slope of above 45°, and geological heritage area.