Conservation of Marine Foundation Species: Learning from Native Oyster Restoration from California to British Columbia

April D Ridlon,Jeffrey Crooks,Betsy Peabody,Chela J Zabin,Edwin Grosholz,Danielle Zacherl,Kerstin Wasson,Gary Fleener,Brian Allen,Jodie Toft,Althea Marks

doi:10.1007/s12237-021-00920-7

Abstract

Marine foundation species are critical to the structure and resilience of coastal ecosystems and provide key ecosystem services. Since many have suffered severe population declines, restoration of foundation species has been undertaken worldwide. The Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) is a foundation species, and the restoration of depleted populations is a priority for maintaining ecosystem function of estuaries along the west coast of North America. Here, we synthesize all native oyster restoration projects conducted from California, USA, to British Columbia, Canada, and analyze project goals, methods, and outcomes. Currently, restoration projects are spread unevenly across the species’ range, driven by locally varying goals and implemented with contrasting approaches. We highlight the value of regional strategic planning and decision support tools to evaluate project design and methods for restoration, including the selection of substrates and the targeted use of aquaculture. We recommend future investment in larger projects, which our analysis found were more cost-effective, but which have been relatively rare for this species. We also recommend that funders support monitoring over broader temporal and spatial scales than in the past to better characterize long-term effects of restoration on oyster populations and the services they provide beyond the project footprint. We found that most projects successfully supported native oysters and engaged local communities, and recommend similar efforts to continue to enhance understanding of Olympia oysters, which remain unfamiliar to many coastal residents. We believe that the results of this synthesis are broadly applicable to marine foundation species generally, and can inform restoration and conservation efforts worldwide.

Highlights

Marine foundation species such as kelps, mangroves, sea grasses, corals, and oysters are critical to the structure and resilience of coastal ecosystems and provide key ecosystem services to human communities around the world (Angelini et al 2011; Zu Ermgassen et al 2013)
A total of 39 Olympia oyster projects meeting our definition criteria for restoration or enhancement have been implemented on the west coast of North America (Table 1), beginning with a project in 2001 in Liberty Bay, Washington, USA, by Puget Sound Restoration Fund (PSRF)
One project has been implemented in British Columbia, Canada, and none has been undertaken in Baja California, Mexico

Summary

Introduction

Marine foundation species such as kelps, mangroves, sea grasses, corals, and oysters are critical to the structure and resilience of coastal ecosystems and provide key ecosystem services to human communities around the world (Angelini et al 2011; Zu Ermgassen et al 2013). Many marine foundation species have suffered severe population declines due to human activities including overfishing, habitat loss, and climate change (Kirby 2004; Hoegh-Guldberg et al 2007). In response to these losses, restoration of foundation species has been undertaken worldwide (e.g., Orth et al 2006; Barbier et al 2008; Chung et al 2013; van Oppen et al 2015), most extensively with oysters. Restoration of Olympia oyster populations and the habitat they provide has become a priority for maintaining ecosystem function of estuaries along the West Coast (Brumbaugh et al 2006; Baggett et al 2014; Wasson et al 2015)

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Conclusion