Conservation of Manilkara salzmannii in an Atlantic Forest fragment through the study of fruits and seeds

This study aimed to evaluate the seedlings growth of Petunia x hybridaand Gomphrena globosaat different times and substrates based on agricultural residues. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, in a factorial scheme, with treatments consisting of four replications and the experimental unit formed by ten plants. The flower species Petunia x hybridaand G. globosawere cultivated in five substrate compositions and in two seasons, with sowing carried out in April and June for Petunia x hybridaand April and October for G. globosa. The substrates were composed using commercial substrate (CM), bovine manure (BM), worm humus (WM) and rice husk ash (HA), in volumetric proportions: (S1) 100% CS; (S2) 40% CS + 20% BM + 20% WH + 20% HA; (S3) 60% CS + 20% WH + 20% HA; (S4) 60% CS + 20% BM + 20% HA; and (S5) 80% CS + 20% BM. Emergence, emergence speed index, height, number of leaves, length of the largest leaf, length of the largest root, dry mass of the aboveground part, dry mass of the root system and total dry mass were evaluated. The seedlings growth of the Petunia x hybridaand G. globosachanged according to the characteristics of the substrates and the growing seasons. The substrate composed with 80% commercial substrate and 20% bovine manure showed similar or superior results to the commercial substrate and can be used in order to reduce production costs without prejudice to the seedlings growth. The cultivation of Petunia x hybridain April resulted in seedlings with greater height, leaf length and greater accumulation of phytomass. The G. globosa seedlings showed greater development of the aboveground part and the root system, in addition to greater accumulation of phytomass when cultivated in October.

Jenipapo (Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae) is a native species not endemic to Brazil and found in several biomes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the emergence and growth of seedlings cultivated in different substrates. Treatments were made of: T1 (fertilized soil), T2 (fertilized soil + coconut fiber), T3 (fertilized soil + sand), T4 (sand + coconut fiber), T5 (bovine manure + coconut fiber), and T6 (bovine manure + sand). The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design, with six treatments (substrates) and four replications of 25 seeds. The following variables were evaluated: first emergence count, percentage of emergence, emergence speed index, seedling height, root length, stem diameter, number of leaves, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf area, root dry matter, and shoot dry matter. The substrates T1 (fertilized soil), T2 (fertilized soil + coconut fiber), T3 (fertilized soil + sand) and T6 (bovine manure + sand) were more efficient for jenipapo seedlings production.

The Moringa oleifera Lam. it is a perennial, arboreal species, rapidly growing, resistant to drought and with leaves, flowers and edible fruits. With this research the objective to evaluate the effect of different substrates in the emergence and development of seedlings of Moringa. The experiment was carried out at the Plant Ecology Laboratory of the Department of Phytotechnics and Environmental Sciences, at the Center for Agricultural Sciences, at the Federal University of Paraíba. The experimental desing was completely randomized, with eight treatments T1= sand washed (control), T2= sand + coconut fiber, T3= sand + rice bark, T4= sand + bovine manure, T5= sand + pine powder, T6= sand + chicken manure, T7= sand + vegetable ash and T8= quail, with four repetitions of 25 seeds totaling 100 seeds for each treatment. The substrates were used in proportion 3:1, and these proportions were determined in terms of weight and all the sieved substrates, arranged in 6 cm x 29.5 cm x 45.5 cm trays, with an approximate capacity of 7 liters of substrate. The following parameters were evaluated: the emergence percentage, first count, emergence speed index, seedling height, plant height, root length, number of leaves, dry leaf biomass, stalk, root and total. The germination and initial development of M. oleífera seedlings were satisfactory in sand and favored when fibrous materials of vegetable origin (coconut fiber, rice bark or pine powder) or bovine manure were added to the substrate. The addition of manure sand from birds (chicken and quails) and vegetable ash did not favor the substrate for germination of Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds.

The objectives of this work were to characterize fruits and seeds and evaluate seed germination and seedling vigor from fifteen parent plants of Parkia gigantocarpa Ducke. The fresh weight, length, width, and thickness of fruits and seeds were determined. The germination was tested in a sand substrate, with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment (parent plants). The number of days for emergence, emergence percentage, emergence speed index, germination percentage, and seedling dry weight were evaluated. The fruits presented means for fresh weight, length, width, and thickness of 115.0 g; 621.3 mm; 60.8 mm, and 9.8 mm, respectively. The seeds presented means for fresh weight, length, width, and thickness of 1.1 g, 22.8 mm, 11.2 mm, and 7.0 mm, respectively. The emergence was fast and uniform, which occurred from the fifth to the sixth day after seeding, reaching 91% germination for the parent HB9, but not differing from the parents HB2, HB3, and HB6. The seedlings from the parents HB2, HB3, HB6, and HB9 were more vigorous due to their higher dry matter accumulation. The results found showed that, even belonging to the same species, P. gigantocarpa seeds from different parent plants present variability in biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds. The seed collected from different parent plants showed differences in germination capacity and seedling vigor.

The depth of seeding and the availability of water influence the seed germination process. Amaranth has small seeds from 1.0 to 1.5 mm and limited nutrient reserves and, after emergence, slow growth. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the emergence and formation of amaranth seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a vegetation house at the Federal University of Mato Grosso - Brazil, between October and November 2018. The factor "A" refers to two seeding depths (10 and 20 mm) and the factor "B" to four of water availability (100%, 80%, 60% and 40% of retention capacity). The emergency, first count and emergency speed index were evaluated. Height, diameter, root length, number of leaves, mass of fresh and dry matter were also evaluated. The emergence of the seedlings, independently of the seeding depth, was greater in water availability of 100 and 80%. There was interaction of factors for the first count and emergency velocity index. The first emergency count was higher in water availability of 100%. At a seeding depth of 10 mm, the first count of emerging seedlings was similar in water availability of 100, 80 and 40%. While, at a depth of 20 mm, the first count was higher at water availability of 60%. The emergency speed index was higher for 100% water availability at 10 mm seeding depth, while at 20 mm depth the water availability had no effect on the emergency speed index. The water availability of 60 and 40% of the retention capacity reduces the height of the plant, the diameter of the stem, the length of the root, the number of leaves, the mass of fresh and dry matter. Increased seeding depth reduces height, number of leaves and production of fresh and dry amaranth matter.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi testar a influência de diferentes substratos na emergência e no crescimento inicial de plântulas de biribá. As sementes foram escarificadas na região oposta à de emissão da radícula e, em seguida, semeadas em diferentes substratos: areia lavada (T1); vermiculita (T2); bioplant® (T3); plantmax® (T4); areia lavada + vermiculita 1:1 (T5); areia lavada + bioplant® 1:1 (T6); areia lavada + plantmax® 1:1 (T7); areia lavada + vermiculita 3:1 (T8); areia lavada + bioplant® 3:1 (T9); e areia lavada + plantmax® 3:1 (T10). Foram avaliados porcentagem de emergência das plântulas, índice de velocidade de emergência e crescimento das plântulas (comprimento e massa seca de raiz e parte aérea). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 10 tratamentos, em quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e a comparação entre as médias foi feita pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. De modo geral, constatou-se que os substratos comerciais apresentaram as menores porcentagens e velocidades de emergência, sozinhos ou em combinação com outros substratos, sendo que os maiores valores foram observados com o emprego de areia + vermiculita. Em termos gerais, os quatro substratos avaliados, isolados ou em combinação, não divergiram de forma relevante quanto ao crescimento das plântulas, nos 75 dias subsequentes à semeadura.

O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) é uma planta oleaginosa que têm se destacado por apresentar as qualidades necessárias à produção de biodiesel. O objetivo deste trabalho foi adequar a metodologia do teste de envelhecimento acelerado, para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de pinhão-manso. Para isto, quatro lotes de sementes foram, inicialmente, caracterizados, por meio do teor de água, percentagem e primeira contagem de germinação, percentagem e índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas, germinação a baixa temperatura e altura da parte aérea. Os tratamentos utilizados foram três temperaturas (41ºC, 42ºC e 45ºC) e quatro tempos de exposição das sementes (24, 48, 72 e 96 horas), em cerca de 100% de umidade relativa do ar. O teste de envelhecimento acelerado conduzido por 24 horas, a 41ºC, foi eficiente para avaliar o vigor de sementes de pinhão-manso, permitindo a classificação dos lotes em níveis de vigor, à semelhança dos testes de primeira contagem de germinação, emergência de plântulas, germinação a baixa temperatura, índice de velocidade de emergência e altura da parte aérea de plântulas.

The propagation of the jatoba (Hymenaea courbarilL.) by seeds is highly promising in the recovery of degraded areas. Thus, the present research aimed to compare methods forjatoba plant seeds dormancy overcomingand to evaluate the development of seedlings of this species in alternative substrates. In the first experiment, in screened nursery, a completely randomized design was used, with four replications and seven seed treatments: scarification with sandpaper(SS), SS and immersion in water for 24 h, SS and immersion in water for 48 h, intact seed, seed immersed in water for 48 h and seed immersed in water for 96 h. The seedlings that emergency were counted every other days, from 13 to 51days after sowing, quantifying the emergence percentage, the emergence speed index and the emergence average time.The second experiment, in greenhouse,was composed ofthree replicates, in randomized blocks, being seven substrates were used:commercial substrate (CS); 40% SC + 60% forest humus (FH); 40% SC + 60% charcoal rice husk (CRH); 40% SC + 60% bovine manure (BM); 40% CRH + 60% BM; 40% CRH + 60% FH; e 40% FH + 60% BM. At 50, 70 and 120 days after sowing were evaluated the parameters: seedlingheight, leafsnumber, stem diameter, fresh matterand dry matter of aerial partand roots, and leaf area.At 120 DAS, the chlorophyll index was also evaluated. The scarification with sandpaper and immersion of seeds in water for 24 hours presented a greater emergence (96.4% and IVE = 0.697).The mixture containing 40% FHand 60% BMresulted seedlings with a larger leaf area, chlorophyll index and roots and aerial part dry matter, at 120 days after sowing.

The reuse of organic waste and destination as alternative substrates becomes an important strategy for the production of economically viable and ecologically sustainable forest seedlings. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of different substrates and compositions (proportions) on the emergence and initial growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings. For this, nine different substrates were formulated: bovine manure (EB), buriti paú (PB) and carnauba residue (RC) in the proportions of 75%, 50% and 25% complemented with washed sand and an additional treatment only with washed sand, considered as control. T. indica seeds were sown and conducted for 50 days. The following were evaluated: emergency speed index; mean emergence time, height of the shoot, diameter of the stem, number of leaves, length of the root system, dry mass of the shoot, dry mass of the root system, total dry mass and Dickson's quality index. For the variables of emergence of tamarind seeds, treatments with bovine manure and 25% buriti paú more efficient. In the growth of the seedlings, the best results of diameter, number of leaves, production of dry mass of the root system, aerial part or total part of the seedlings, in addition to Dickson's quality index were found in the proportion of 50% of bovine manure, followed by buriti paú. These results indicate that the substrates bovine manure and paú de buriti in the proportion 50% are the most suitable for the preparation of substrate for the production of T. indica seedlings.

A produção de mudas com altos padrões de qualidade requer substratos que disponibilizem características químicas e físicas propícias para tal finalidade.Com isso, objetivou-se avaliar substratos alternativos na produção de mudas de pimentas e pimentões.Comparou-se os seguintes compostos: substrato comercial (Carolina Soil ® ), areia lavada + casca de arroz carbonizada + esterco bovino (1:1:1 v/v/v), areia lavada + casca de arroz carbonizada + húmus de minhoca (1:1:1 v/v/v), Carolina Soil ® + casca de arroz

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Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L., is considered a promising crop for many regions in Colombia, requiring further research on new varieties and technologies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two organic amendments on two cashew varieties under nursery conditions in Puerto Carreño, Vichada department. A factorial experiment (3 organic amendment treatments x 2 varieties) with 4 replications was conducted. The treatments for the first factor were: chicken manure (30%), bovine manure (30%), and no amendment. The varieties used were Yucao and Mapiria. Emergence, survival, and morphometric variables such as stem length, stem diameter, and number of leaves were evaluated, as well as disease incidence and severity. Results showed that seedling emergence and survival were more influenced by the addition of organic amendments than by varieties. Stem length of cashew seedlings was influenced by the addition of bovine and chicken manure and their interaction with the two varieties until week 7, while stem diameter was influenced until the end of the nursery cycle. Neither variety nor treatment influenced the number of leaves. Anthracnose was primarily influenced by the variety factor, with Mapiria being more susceptible to both disease incidence and severity. Overall, both organic amendments had a significant effect on the development of cashew seedlings in both varieties studied.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento em diâmetro do coleto e altura, e a produção de matéria seca total de mudas de Myracrodruon urundeuva, Jacaranda brasiliana e Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia. Concomitantemente, desenvolveu-se uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) do tipo Multilayer Perceptron que seria capaz de estimar a H e a MST das mudas das espécies estudadas. As mudas foram cultivadas em ambiente protegido com 50% de sombra. Assim, os tratamentos foram considerados com cinco proporções do material orgânico (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80% v/v) na composição do substrato final (solo da área desertificada). Aos 120 dias após a semeadura, as mudas foram coletadas para determinação das variáveis biométricas. A rede MLP foi utilizada empregando-se o algoritmo de treinamento Levenberg-Marquardat. As variáveis utilizadas como entrada da MLP para a estimação da altura e massa seca das mudas foram: diâmetro do coleto, diâmetro mínimo, médio e máximo do coleto, as espécies e fontes de resíduos orgânicos (esterco bovino, esterco caprino e palha de arroz), totalizando dez entradas. Foi utilizada a função de ativação tangente hiperbólica. Como resultados, recomenda-se a proporção 80:20% (esterco bovino e/ou esterco caprino:solo da área degradada) ao substrato de cultivo para o crescimento das mudas das espécies. A adição de doses de esterco bovino e esterco caprino influenciaram o DC do Jacaranda brasiliana, sendo constatado o efeito linear crescente com valor estimado de 2,66 mm planta-1. Para a H a adição de esterco bovino e caprino influenciou no crescimento das mudas de Myracrodruon urundeuva. A produção de MST das mudas das três espécies foi igualmente distribuída em função das proporções crescentes de resíduo orgânico incorporado ao substrato de cultivo. O uso da Rede Neural Artificial do tipo Multilayer Perceptron mostrou-se eficiente para a estimação da altura

In commercial bananas there is an increasing increase for seedlings of high genetic quality and free of pathogens; thus, the use of micropropagation has been increasingly encouraged for the production of seedlings. However, the success of establishing these seedlings in the environment depends on several factors, in which, the substrate has a relevant role. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of micropropagated banana seedlings under the influence of different formulations of substrates based on soil, bovine manure and vegetable ash for organic production system. The experiment was carried out on a certified rural property under an organic production system in the municipality of Palmácia (CE). The experimental design used was completely randomized, with four replications. The substrates were used in a ratio of 2:1, always two parts of soil for one of substrate, which was used: soil (ravine soil), organic compost (bovine manure + vegetal remains), bovine manure and vegetable ash (from sugar cane mill). The test was conducted in full sun and without the aid of irrigation, as the experiment coincided with the rainy season in the region. At 68 days after planting (DAP), growth analyzes were carried out: plant height, diameter of the pseudostem, number of leaves, length of roots, fresh and dry mass of aerial part and roots. The best substrates for the growth of micropropagated banana seedlings cv. Prata Catarina were mixtures of soil + organic compost and soil + manure.

Araucaria angustifolia known worldwide as Brazilian pine is a very important species in the forestry and economic sense, as its seeds are a source of food for fauna as well as a source of income for people, especially in the southern region of the country, in addition, its timber is used in several sectors. Due to the difficulty in producing seedlings due to the recalcitrant characteristic of their seeds, the speed of germination of seeds and emergence of seedlings is essential and for this, overcoming the dormancy of these seeds is essential. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse for seedlings production, located at Experimental Farm, of Grande Dourados Federal University. The pre-germination treatments used were: with and without mechanical scarification and immersion in water for 12, 24 and 48 hr and a control (without water immersion and without mechanical scarification). Mechanical scarification was performed by cutting the apex of the seed (2–3 mm) with pliers. Seeds were placed to germinate individually in polyethylene tubes, filled with commercial substrate. The variables analyzed were: percentage of emergence, emergence speed index, mean emergence time, mean emergence speed, shoot and root length and fresh and dry mass of shoot and root were evaluated. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme (scarification × immersion in water), with four replications of 25 seeds each. The collected data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% error probability. The conclusion was scarification of Araucaria angustifolia seeds by cutting the apex of the seed with pliers plus immersion in water for 24 hr highlighted the biggest emergence of seedlings (91%), emergence speed index (4.85), mean emergence speed (0.0194 days−1), root length (17.22 cm) and the lowest mean emergence time (51.53 days).