Abstract

 
 
 The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is the only penguin species that breeds on the African continent and it is currently classified as endangered. Its conservation is assisted by the Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) which is a seabird rehabilitation facility based at the Rietvlei Wetland Reserve in Tableview, Cape Town. Despite the success of SANCCOB in rehabilitating diseased, injured or oiled penguins, significant mortalities have occurred at the facility as a result of avian malaria. Avian malaria can be contracted during rehabilitation during which penguins are inadvertently exposed to additional threats. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the anti-Plasmodium antibody levels of penguins to avian malaria on entry into the SANCCOB facility from 2001 to 2004 and during their rehabilitation process. Using blood smear data, avian malaria prevalence and malaria-related deaths were also monitored from 2002 to 2013. Significant increases in anti-Plasmodium antibody levels after admission were found during summer months. New infection and not parasite recrudescence was concluded to be the cause of this increase. This source was confirmed by a dramatic drop in penguin mortalities upon exclusion of mosquito vectors in 2008. Mortalities did not depend on the birds’ abilities to produce an anti-Plasmodium antibody response and oiling had no influence on immunity or prevalence of avian malaria infections. This study highlights the importance of mosquito vector control to control pathogen exposure in wild bird rehabilitation centres.
 
 
 
 
 Significance: 
 
 
 
 Efforts to assist with the conservation of endangered species can unintentionally add to the conservation burden.
 Rehabilitation influences exposure of African penguins to avian malaria.
 Avian malaria prevalence and mortality are not influenced by oiling or anti-Plasmodium antibody responses.
 Vector control can limit avian malaria exposure in wild bird rehabilitation centres.
 
 
 
Highlights
The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is the only penguin species that breeds on the African continent
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titres of positive and negative penguin serum samples indicated that anti-Plasmodium antibodies were able to cross-react with the peptide–bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate (Supplementary figure 2) and this interaction was primarily aimed at the peptide
In penguins admitted from December 2001 to January 2002, there was an earlier increase in antibody levels one week after entering the facility and this pattern continued for penguins admitted during the warmer months until March 2002
Summary
The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is the only penguin species that breeds on the African continent. Their numbers have decreased from an estimated 1.5–3 million before 1900 to fewer than 26 000 breeding pairs in 20091,2 – a decline which has resulted in their conservation status being changed from vulnerable to endangered[2]. The Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) maintains a seabird rehabilitation facility based at the Rietvlei Wetland Reserve in Tableview, Cape Town. They rehabilitate diseased, injured or oiled seabirds, of which most are African penguins. Avian malaria infections and associated mortalities in African penguins do occur at the facility.[3,4]
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