Conservation and Restoration of Coral Reefs Under Climate Change: Strategies and Practice

Abstract

Coral reefs can be found in both tropical and subtropical oceans. They provide valuable and vital ecosystem services. Coral reefs also serve as habitat, shelter, and food sources for variety of organisms. Yet some estimated put the total diversity of life found in and on coral reefs at up to two million species. This biodiversity can be transformed directly into food security, income, and other benefits to people. Unfortunately, at present, coral reefs have been declined due to anthropogenic activities, natural phenomena, and poor management practices. More than 75 % of coral reefs around the world are already threaten by a combination of local and global stressors, and scientists have predicted that by 2050, more than 75 % of world reefs will be in critical threat level if the stressors are not lower. This chapter will provide insights on the current strategies and practices of coral reefs conservation and restoration under the climate change. The need for a strategic approach to conservation and restoration to maximize the effectiveness of conservation and restoration efforts has become an urgent issue, particular under the climate change. To conserve coral reefs, multiple stressors threaten reefs need to be identified and reduced. In addition, a combination of reef restoration techniques and effective management should be implemented to ensure the protection of coral reef ecosystems.