Abstract
Objective: To describe the consequences of using artificial nipples to exclusive breastfeeding. Materials and method: An integrative review carried out in the Medline®, Cinahl, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to answer the following question: What are the consequences of using artificial nipples to exclusive breastfeeding? Results: 38 articles were analyzed; the analysis gave rise to two categories: neonatal factors and maternal factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding interruption was the neonatal factor most associated with the use of artificial nipples, while the level of maternal education stood out as an intervening factor in exclusive breastfeeding. Pacifiers were the dummy type more commonly mentioned, followed by feeding bottles and nipple shields. Conclusions: The consequences of offering artificial nipples to breastfed infants are mostly negative and associated with the newborn, such as early weaning, refusal to breastfeed, impaired suction technique, incorrect latch-on, interference with orofacial development, and interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers who offered artificial nipples to their infants are more likely to experience pain, nipple fissures, frustration, and reduced interaction with their infants.
Highlights
Exclusive breastfeeding is considered the gold standard in infant feeding and, when maintained for up to six months of age, provides proven benefits to the mother-infant binomial, the family, and the society [1]
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the ideal form of infant nutrition up to six months of age, when solid foods are introduced as complementary feeding
As a result of the use of artificial nipples, this study significantly revealed the negative influence on EBF, leading to interruption and early weaning
Summary
Exclusive breastfeeding is considered the gold standard in infant feeding and, when maintained for up to six months of age, provides proven benefits to the mother-infant binomial, the family, and the society [1]. Breastfeeding is strongly influenced by external factors that can lead to the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), such as the use of dummies — pacifiers and feeding bottles, for example —, which are affordable and geographically disseminated [2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), EBF is the ideal form of infant nutrition up to six months of age, when solid foods are introduced as complementary feeding. In Brazil, breastfeeding (BF) is initiated but more than half of Brazilian mothers interrupt it after the first month [5]. BF indicators have been stable in Brazil since 2006: - 36.6 % of EBF in infants under six months of age and - 52.1 % of BF in infants under two years of age [6]
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