Abstract
BackgroundMalocclusion is a common disease of oral and maxillofacial region. The study was aimed to investigate levels changes of periodontal pathogens in malocclusion patients before, during and after orthodontic treatments, and to confirm the difference between adults and children.MethodOne hundred and eight malocclusion patients (46 adults and 62 children at the school-age) were randomly selected and received orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Subgingival plaques were Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia) and Tannerella forsythensis (T. forsythensis) collected from the observed regions before and after treatment. Clinical indexes, including plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) of observed teeth were examined.ResultsThe detection rates of P.gingivalis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and T. forsythensis increased from baseline to the third month without significant difference, and then returned to pretreatment levels 12 month after applying fixed orthodontic appliances. Adults’ percentage contents of P.gingivalis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and T. forsythensis were significantly higher than those of children at baseline and the first month, but not obvious at the third month. PLI and SBI were increased from baseline to the first and to the third month both in adults and children groups. Besides, PD were increased from baseline to first month, followed by a downward trend in the third month; however, all patients were failed to detect with AL.ConclusionsPeriodontal and microbiological statuses of malocclusion patients may be influenced by fixed orthodontic appliances in both adults and children, more significant in children than in adults. Some microbiological indexes have synchronous trend with the clinical indexes. Long-term efficacy of fixed orthodontic appliances for malocclusion should be confirmed by future researches.
Highlights
Malocclusion is a common disease of oral and maxillofacial region
The detection rates of P.gingivalis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and T. forsythensis increased from baseline to the third month without significant difference, and returned to pretreatment levels 12 month after applying fixed orthodontic appliances
Periodontal and microbiological statuses of malocclusion patients may be influenced by fixed orthodontic appliances in both adults and children, more significant in children than in adults
Summary
The study was aimed to investigate levels changes of periodontal pathogens in malocclusion patients before, during and after orthodontic treatments, and to confirm the difference between adults and children. With respect to the above, there is a need to clarify clinical and microbial effects of orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances in children and adults to provide theoretical basis for the treatment of periodontal disease. Researches on the relationship between fixed orthodontic appliances and periodontal disease focus more on clinical parameters on the basis of quantitative PCR Technology, instead of the effect of fixed orthodontic treatment of periodontal bacteria. To confirm the effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on periodontal tissue and oral microecological changes, simultaneous detection of specific pathogenic bacteria and clinical indexes is needed to clarify current concerns. The dynamic variation of P.gingivalis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and T. forsythensis and clinical examinations for periodontal tissues were taken in this study to interpret basic characteristics of periodontal tissues of malocclusion patients and the difference between adults and children
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