Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for more than 3.5 billion people worldwide. Yield levels in Asia have tripled and are expected to increase by 70% over the next 30 years due to population growth. In the US, Arkansas accounts for more than 50% of rice production. Over the last 68 years, rice production has continued to grow in Mississippi, placing it in fourth place after Arkansas, Louisiana, and California. Due to increasing rice acreage, regionally and worldwide, the need to develop abiotic stress tolerant rice has increased. Unfortunately, current rice breeding programs lack genetic diversity, and many traits have been lost through the domestication of cultivated rice. Currently, stressors stemming from the continued effects of climate change continue to impact rice. This chapter highlights current research that strives to discover abiotic and biotic stress tolerant rice. This chapter calls for directed research in genetics and genomics to address the need to discover biotic and abiotic stress tolerant traits. While many genes have been uncovered to arm rice against these stresses, decreased genetic variability in current rice traits presents a small gene pool for discovery.

Highlights

  • Rice, Oryza sativa, is a cultivated, food staple feeding more than one-half of the world’s population [1]

  • In an in vivo and in vitro study to assess the impact of silver nanoparticles on R. solani, the research found that increased inhibition of sclerotia formation (92%) and mycelia growth (85%) was observed when particles were applied at a concentration of 50 ppm [37]

  • The impacts of climate change can be seen as research focuses on cold, drought, heat, and submergence stress

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Summary

Introduction

Oryza sativa, is a cultivated, food staple feeding more than one-half of the world’s population [1]. It is predicted that rice yield must increase by 1% annually to continue to feed the growing population [6] To meet this expectation, the development of high-yielding, stress-tolerant rice cultivars is necessary [7]. Rice is a tropical and sub-tropical plant that requires temperatures ranging from 20 to 40°C with flooded conditions, and is highly influenced by solar radiation [8] It is an annual grass with a life cycle ranging from 105 to 145 days from germination to maturity contingent on various types of environmental contributions [9]. The Asian cultivar is grown on a large scale while the African cultivar is confined to West Africa [11] It is a diploid species with an AA genome that can be subjected to traditional hybridization and selection [12]. Consequences and mitigation strategies of biotic stresses with specific focus on disease

Rice blast disease
Rice sheath blight disease
Cold stress
Drought stress
Heat stress
Salinity stress
Submergence stress
Findings
Conclusions
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