Abstract
Topological solutions in the (2+1)-dimensional Einstein theory of gravity are studied within the ADM canonical formalism. It is found that a conical singularity appears in the closed expanding de Sitter universe solution as a topological defect in the case of the Einstein theory with a cosmological constant. Quantum effects on the conical singularity are studied using the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation. Finite quantum tunneling effects are obtained for the closed de Sitter universe, while no quantum effects are obtained for an open universe.
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