Conical intersections and semiclassical trajectories: Comparison to accurate quantum dynamics and analyses of the trajectories

Abstract

Semiclassical trajectory methods are tested for electronically nonadiabatic systems with conical intersections. Five triatomic model systems are presented, and each system features two electronic states that intersect via a seam of conical intersections (CIs). Fully converged, full-dimensional quantum mechanical scattering calculations are carried out for all five systems at energies that allow for electronic de-excitation via the seam of CIs. Several semiclassical trajectory methods are tested against the accurate quantum mechanical results. For four of the five model systems, the diabatic representation is the preferred (most accurate) representation for semiclassical trajectories, as correctly predicted by the Calaveras County criterion. Four surface hopping methods are tested and have overall relative errors of 40%-60%. The semiclassical Ehrenfest method has an overall error of 66%, and the self-consistent decay of mixing (SCDM) and coherent switches with decay of mixing (CSDM) methods are the most accurate methods overall with relative errors of approximately 32%. Furthermore, the CSDM method is less representation dependent than both the SCDM and the surface hopping methods, making it the preferred semiclassical trajectory method. Finally, the behavior of semiclassical trajectories near conical intersections is discussed.