Congenital total absence of the pericardium: Case report of a 72-year-old man and review of the literature

Abstract

Fig. 1. General appearance of the malformation in the frontal view. 1, Superior vena cava; 2, inferior vena cava; 3, left superior vena cava; 4, malaligned atrial septum and ostium primum defect. restrictive and accounts for elevation of lefl atrial pressure. In aceordance with Carpentier and colleagues, 5 when the papillary muscles are basically normal, congenital mitral valve stenosis may be due to papillary muscle commissure fusion, excess valvular tissue, hypoplasia of the anulus, or supravalvular ring. In this case, the supravalvular ring was incomplete, and most of the stenosis was due to the overriding restrictive ostium primum.