Abstract
This chapter describes the clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, and management options of patients with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) as well as those with other types of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDD) such as Mobius syndrome, horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis, and synergistic horizontal deviation. These are rare and challenging strabismus cases to the most experienced pediatric ophthalmologists and strabismologists. The classification and genetics of CCDDs are briefly discussed, and two case presentations are given. Management strategies are discussed and a flowchart for the evaluation and management of CCDD cases is provided.
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