Abstract
Biological apatite in enamel, dentin, cementum, and bone is highly individualized hydroxyapatite with high tissue dependency. Often, standard and average textbook values for biological apatite do not apply to actual subjects, and the reported results of analyses differ among investigators. In particular, the term biological apatite is often confusingly and incorrectly used to describe carbonate apatite. The purpose of this review is to prevent further confusion. We believe that apatite should be well understood across disciplines and the terminology clearly defined. According to a definition by the International Mineralogical Association’s Commission on New Minerals Nomenclature and Classification, biological apatite formed by living organisms is a type of hydroxyapatite. More specifically, it is carbonated hydroxyapatite, which is quite different from frequently misnamed carbonate apatite. We hope that this definition will be widely adopted to remove confusion around the naming of apatite in many research and applied fields.
Highlights
Initial Research on Biological Apatite based on a careful review of published papers. They proposed two main categories for biomineralization based on its formative mode: (i) biologically induced mineralization (BIM) and (ii) biologically controlled mineralization (BCM)
Cacciotti [46] described cationic and anionic substitutions in hydroxyapatite based on a careful survey of the literature as follows: “B-type carbonated hydroxyapatites are characterized by the following features: a decrease in a-axial length accompanied by an increase in c-axial length, changes in crystallite size and in the amount of crystallographic microstrains, optical birefringence and mechanical reinforcement of the bone, and incremented solubility.”
The standard and average values of biological apatite described in textbooks do not apply to actual subjects, and reported analytical values differ among researchers
Summary
The definition of mineral differs between disciplines. In the socioeconomic field, it means valuable materials extracted from the earth, such as coal, oil, sand and gravel, iron ore, other mined commodities, and groundwater. A more restrictive definition is applied by the earth sciences, where mineral refers to a naturally occurring crystalline solid with a definite but not necessarily constant chemical composition [1]. This definition is not always agreed upon, even among mineralogists. (vi) cleavage, and (vii) fracture, the crystal chemistry of minerals (i.e., composition and crystallographic properties) is an essential requirement of the standards. Apatite is recorded as belonging to Nickel–Strunz Class 08: phosphates, arsenates, vanadates, and it is described as 08 BN 3 of 11.
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