Abstract
This chapter is first of all a historical study that aims to construct a comprehensive picture by exploring historical materials from the Christian side. Second, it is a case study of church-state relations in the early Republic that seeks to understand the movement in the context of both constitutional history and religious history. The paradoxical relations between politics and ideas, culture and religion, and religion and politics will be discussed in the end. The chapter is divided into four sections: Confucianism as a constitutional problem, the protests from Christians, the Society for Religious Freedom ( Xinjiao ziyou hui ), and the final inclusion of the guarantee of religious freedom in the constitution. It mainly concentrates on the early Republican era (1912-1917), with a brief historical retrospect of the last decade of the Qing dynasty. Keywords:Christians; church-state relations; Confucianism; religious freedom; society for religious freedom
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