Abstract
Abstract Throughout the premodern era, the Confucian governance based on a civil (wen文) ordering of society required ritual and official writing that imparted to wenzhang 文章 (literature) a moral and political seriousness while the humaneness central to Confucian thought also required that writing engage the serious realities of human experience. These core commitments did not change, but the philosophical basis grounding the Confucian order grew more complex, and the literary forms through which writers explored human experience evolved to meet these shifts in the Confucian worldview. During the late imperial period, the complicated relationship between literature and examination culture in particular had a profound impact on the life of almost every educated man in late imperial China.
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