Abstract
Influenza A (H5N1) viruses are strong candidates for causing the next influenza pandemic if they acquire the ability for efficient human-to-human transmission. A major public health goal is to make efficacious vaccines against these viruses by using novel approaches, including cell-culture system, reverse genetics, and adjuvant development. Important consideration for the strategy includes preparation of vaccines from a currently circulating strain to induce broad-spectrum immunity toward newly emerged human H5 strains. This strategy would be a good solution early in a pandemic until an antigenically matched and approved vaccine is produced. The concept of therapeutic vaccines (e.g., antidisease vaccine) directed at diminishing the cytokine storm frequently seen in subtype H5N1-infected persons is underscored. Better understanding of host-virus interaction is essential to identify tools to produce effective vaccines against influenza (H5N1).
Highlights
Influenza A (H5N1) viruses are strong candidates for causing the influenza pandemic if they acquire the ability for efficient human-to-human transmission
Establishment of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) as an endemic virus within duck and poultry populations and its capacity to cross species barriers increase the possibility of adaptation to humans and a pandemic
Vaccination is the best option by which to prevent the spread of a pandemic virus and reduce the severity of disease
Summary
Influenza A (H5N1) viruses are strong candidates for causing the influenza pandemic if they acquire the ability for efficient human-to-human transmission. Inactivated Vaccines for Immunizing Humans To test the hypothesis that whole-virion would be more immunogenic than conventional split-virion or subunit vaccines and may be adaptable to the antigen-sparing strategy, an inactivated, monovalent influenza A (H5N1), whole-virion vaccine was prepared from a highly virulent strain A/Vietnam/1194/2004 strain by removing the polybasic amino acids at the cleavage site, making the virus no longer pathogenic. An inactivated vaccine that induces high levels of neutralizing antibody to surface proteins and CD8 Tcell response against well-conserved antigens derived from internal viral proteins might provide superior protection in an epidemic or pandemic.
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