Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. Its effect on health is generally regarded as beneficial in many studies. However, there are growing concerns about the adverse effect of coffee consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to the potential aggravating impact on the cardiovascular system attributed to various compounds within coffee. This review is focused on deteriorative effects of coffee consumption on CVDs with possible mechanisms. Patients with risk factors of CVDs should prudently consider heavy consumption of coffee as it may exacerbate hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, and increase the odds of cardiovascular events. J-shaped or U-shaped dose-response graphs of coffee consumption and CVD parameters partially explain the inconsistency of conclusions between coffee studies on CVD, highlighting a moderate intake of coffee. Moreover, there are discrepancies in results from clinical studies elucidating considerable influences of confounding factors including gender and smoking status on outcomes of those conducted to reveal the actual impact of coffee consumption on CVDs. Physical features of subjects including genetic variations and body mass index (BMI) make it difficult to determine moderate intake of coffee for individuals in terms of caffeine metabolism. Further epidemiological studies with consideration about characteristics of the study population are needed to determine the exact effect of coffee consumption on CVD.
Highlights
Coffee is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide [1]
We present some papers that considered coffee consumption to be related to the aggravation of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Swedish people taking more than 5 cups of coffee a day [42]. In another large cohort study conducted in the US, coffee consumption was associated with higher incidence of myocardial infarction with coinciding result of relative risk (RR) [81]
Summary
Coffee is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide [1]. According to a survey, the population number of coffee consumers has increased annually and approximately 65% of adults are taking coffee daily in South Korea [2]. The extract of coffee has been extensively investigated in various pathophysiological models in vitro and in vivo, showing prominent anti-inflammatory [3], anti-oxidant [4], anti-carcinogenic [5], and other potentials Based on these findings, it is not very surprising that numerous coffee-related papers report the alleviating effects of coffee consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) [6,7,8] and even lowered all-cause mortality after 18 to 24 years of follow-ups [9]. What attracts our attention are the cases that coffee consumption aggravated risk factors in stratified group of patients with CVD in epidemiological studies. We scrutinize documents to find evidence that coffee consumption worsens preexisting risk factors of CVD in a vulnerable population
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