Abstract
This paper will discuss conflict transformation in Aceh and analyzes it in the international, structural, actor, issues, and personal contexts. The data show that the five contexts are supportive of the transformation of conflict from an armed rebellion and peaceful referendum to social reconciliation. The Aceh case shows also the complexity of the reconciliation that includes three parties: the GAM (Free Aceh Movement), which emphasizes politico-economic redistribution; the Islamic community, which demands the impelementation of Syariah (Islamic laws); and the central government, which determines to preserve the territorial integrity. The agreement and new law were impelemented and resulted in compromise and consensus in socio-political spheres in the new Aceh.
Highlights
The coming of peace between the Government of Indonesia (GoI) and GAM (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or Free Aceh Movement) in Aceh in 2005 was a turning point for Aceh, which has experienced long-term conflict in its history
The changing of actors and power relations in the field resulted in a peace negotiation that led to a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in Helsinski in 2005
The target groups of the ARB were: former GAM members (3,000 soldiers and 2,155 non combatants); 1,985 former GAM political prisoners; and conflict victims consisting of 19 597 dead civilians; 2,000 disabled, 17 000 civilians; 426 civilian bureaucrats; 332 village heads; 2,000 former GAM members who surrendered before the Helsinki MoU; 6,500 government militia; 24 000 IDPs outside Aceh; 12 000 IDPs in Aceh; and 10,914 houses
Summary
The coming of peace between the Government of Indonesia (GoI) and GAM (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka or Free Aceh Movement) in Aceh in 2005 was a turning point for Aceh, which has experienced long-term conflict in its history. There was a rebellion between 1953 and 1963, in which local leaders under the ulama and supported by local society, police and the army participated in it (Sjamsuddin, 1985) They demanded the establishment of a special autonomous region with the implementation of Syariah but it failed. A parsimonious analysis focussing on conflict resolution is still needed to explain the complexity of the Acehnese conflict In this regard, a model developed by Miall Based on the model we can identify which factors and conditions support or hamper the transformation from conflict to reconciliation. The analysis will begin with actor transformation, followed by structure, issues, personal, context factors, and social reconciliation
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