Conflict Theory

Abstract

Conflict results from competition for scarce resources, status, power, and values. When the competitors are ethnic groups, organizations, or states rather than individuals or small groups, one speaks of social or group conflict. Much group conflict is managed in institutions and conforms to norms (e.g., competition in the marketplace). Theories of group conflict seek to understand why normative restraints break down, why groups harm one another in pursuit of their goals, the dynamics of contention, and how peaceful competition is restored. This entry summarizes the principal theories of conflict theory in relation to ethnicity, race, religion, and nationality; the “political opportunity” approach to political contention; and protest and social movements along with their methodologies and databases.