Abstract
Conflict and aggression are well-known concerns in youth inpatient and residential facilities, frequently affecting both the quality of children/youth (hereafter, youth) care and the well-being of staff. Responses, such as restraint and seclusion (R&S), also pose challenges and can threaten the safety of youth and staff.Various educational and training programs have been implemented to improve practice and create safer places to live and work for both youth and staff. This article reviews the research on the results of measures taken in response to conflict and aggression in youth facilities. Because very little on this topic was published before 2015, we searched for both systematic reviews and original studies published between January 2015 and November 2020 in a total of 7 databases. Our aims in this article are to 1) describe and review the literature related to the effects of interventions to prevent and manage aggression and violence in inpatient and residential youth facilities, 2) describe and review the literature on the effects of R&S and experiences of youth and staff, related to youth violence, R&S, and 3) identify potential gaps in knowledge about these issues that future research could narrow or close.The literature search retrieved 4,698 potentially relevant publications. A total of 14 publications—2 reviews and 12 individual case studies—met our inclusion criteria. Most of the 14 studies were conducted in residential-care and hospital/psychiatric facilities; a small number were conducted in juvenile justice facilities.Our review indicates that interventions that contributed to a reduction in episodes of R&S differed from those that led to a reduction in conflicts and aggression. The review also indicates that both youth and staff have negative experiences of physical restraint. Results also show that further studies are needed of both the effects and experiences of physical restraint and the effectiveness of de-escalation measures in preventing violence and aggression.
Highlights
Many children and youth under 22 years of age who receive care and treatment in various youth facilities, such as juvenile justice facilities, inpatient and residential facilities, have pasts disrupted by incidents of neglect and maltreatment (Carr et al, 2020), histories of abandonment and abuse, and experiences of failure (Briggs et al, 2012; Rivard et al, 2004)
Based on the limited studies found up through 2015, we found it relevant to investigate both effects of interventions to prevent and manage aggression and violence and effects and experiences of restraint and seclusion (R&S)
Our review demonstrates that the number of studies on the effects of interventions in preventing/managing aggression and violence in inpatient and residential youth facilities, and on the effects and experiences of R&S in these facilities, is quite limited
Summary
Many children and youth under 22 years of age (hereafter, youth) who receive care and treatment in various youth facilities, such as juvenile justice facilities, inpatient and residential facilities, have pasts disrupted by incidents of neglect and maltreatment (Carr et al, 2020), histories of abandonment and abuse, and experiences of failure (Briggs et al, 2012; Rivard et al, 2004) Exposure to such life events contributes to higher rates of anti-social behavior, aggression and/or delinquent behaviors (Braga et al, 2017; Connor et al, 2004; Norman et al, 2012). Aggression is understood here as any behavioral act that includes verbal, physical or relational violence against others, the destruction of objects and/or self-harm (Lochman et al, 2009) These youth often struggle with physical, mental and/or social challenges (Jozefiak et al, 2016). R&S are associated with harm to youth and staff, significant costs, reduced quality of care, and less engagement of youth and families (LeBel et al, 2010; Pollastri et al, 2016)
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