Abstract
Cyclic imines are lipophilic marine toxins that bioaccumulate in seafood. Their structure comprises a cyclic-imino moiety, responsible for acute neurotoxicity in mice. Cyclic imines have not been linked yet to human poisonings and are not regulated in Europe, although the European Food Safety Authority requires more data to perform a conclusive risk assessment for consumers. This work presents the first detection of pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) in Spain and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-1) in shellfish from Catalonia (Spain, NW Mediterranean Sea). Cyclic imines were found at low concentrations (2 to 60 µg/kg) in 13 samples of mussels and oysters (22 samples analyzed). Pinnatoxin G has been also detected in 17 seawater samples (out of 34) using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking devices (0.3 to 0.9 µg/kg-resin). Pinnatoxin G and SPX-1 were confirmed with both low and high resolution (<2 ppm) mass spectrometry by comparison of the response with that from reference standards. For other analogs without reference standards, we applied a strategy combining low resolution MS with a triple quadrupole mass analyzer for a fast and reliable screening, and high resolution MS LTQ Orbitrap® for unambiguous confirmation. The advantages and limitations of using high resolution MS without reference standards were discussed.
Highlights
The group of emerging toxins called cyclic imines includes eight types of compounds produced by marine dinoflagelates: spirolides (SPXs, 13 desmethyl SPX-C, known as SPX-1, being the reference toxin for this group), pinnatoxins (PnTXs, reference compound pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G)), gymnodimines (GYMs, reference compound GYM-A), pteriatoxins (PtTXs), prorocentrolides, spiro-prorocentrimine [1,2], symbioimines [3] and portimine [4]
This paper shows the results of a preliminary survey conducted in Catalonia (Spain), NW Mediterranean Sea, to assess the presence of cyclic imines in shellfish and seawater samples from solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) devices
Pinnatoxin G has been detected in 17 seawater samples using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking devices (SPATT, 0.3 to 0.9 μg/kg-resin, Table 3)
Summary
The group of emerging toxins called cyclic imines includes eight types of compounds produced by marine dinoflagelates: spirolides (SPXs, 13 desmethyl SPX-C, known as SPX-1, being the reference toxin for this group), pinnatoxins (PnTXs, reference compound PnTX-G), gymnodimines (GYMs, reference compound GYM-A), pteriatoxins (PtTXs), prorocentrolides, spiro-prorocentrimine [1,2], symbioimines [3] and portimine [4]. They all share a cyclic imine group, which is extremely rare, that works as the pharmacophore [1,2], as confirmed for the 6,6-spiroimine in GYM-A [5].
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