Abstract
Confinement describes the phenomenon when the attraction between two particles grows with their distance, most prominently found in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) between quarks. In condensed matter physics, confinement can appear in quantum spin chains, for example, in the one dimensional transverse field Ising model (TFIM) with an additional longitudinal field, famously observed in the quantum material cobalt niobate or in optical lattices. Here, we establish that state-of-the-art quantum computers have reached capabilities to simulate confinement physics in spin chains. We report quantitative confinement signatures of the TFIM on an IBM quantum computer observed via two distinct velocities for information propagation from domain walls and their mesonic bound states. We also find the confinement induced slow down of entanglement spreading by implementing randomized measurement protocols for the second order Rényi entanglement entropy. Our results are a crucial step for probing non-perturbative interacting quantum phenomena on digital quantum computers beyond the capabilities of classical hardware.
Highlights
Confinement describes the phenomenon when the attraction between two particles grows with their distance, most prominently found in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) between quarks
It is Richard Feynman’s prediction from 1982 that a quantum device would have the ability to directly simulate quantum systems which has most potential for solving a number of long-standing fundamental problems in science[2,3,4], for example in chemistry[5] or for lattice gauge theories (LGT) relevant in high energy physics[6,7,8]
The transverse field Ising model (TFIM) has been studied with analytical methods[14,21,22] but the full time evolution of the non-integrable model with a longitudinal field has been restricted to numerical simulations for limited system sizes or time windows, e.g. with the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG)[18]
Summary
Confinement describes the phenomenon when the attraction between two particles grows with their distance, most prominently found in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) between quarks. (b) Comparisons of the two velocities, the initial velocity (IV) and meson velocity (MV), as measured on the IBM quantum computer ( hx = 0.5 and L = 9 ) after error mitigation and as theoretically predicted. (c) Data from randomized measurements for the half chain second order Rényi entropy after a global quantum quench to the with varying a longitudinal field strengths on the state
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