Abstract
Square vortex lattices predicted theoretically and experimentally observed in diode-pumped solid state microchip lasers are shown to have a remarkable symmetry. These lattices are formed by counter-rotating vortices. The interaction of vortices with nonlinear gain medium leads to precession of vortices and collective excitations with dynamics identical to acoustical and optical vibrations of atomic lattices.
Highlights
Pattern formation outside the equilibrium demonstrates a rich variety of emerging structures [1, 2]
The master equation for the square lattice pattern formation is of Ginzburg-Landau type [10]
Increase of Fresnel number have led to perpetual increase of complexity of output pattern
Summary
Pattern formation outside the equilibrium demonstrates a rich variety of emerging structures [1, 2]. The vortex lattices in high Fresnel number solid-state microchip lasers arising within a broad range of experimental parameters [3] were predicted theoretically in [4]. The subsequent numerical investigation [5] have shown the deep similarity of optical vortex lattices in lasers with spatial patterns that spontaneously occur in Faraday instability [6]. Trajectories of individual particles of ensemble in Faraday convection are chaotic but the averaged mass flow in Faraday square cells manifests itself as vortex lattice. The investigation of spatial phase distribution of optical field and associated probability flow with appropriate field of velocities v(r) = ∇θ(r)/m given by Madelung transform have shown the existence of regular array of whirls with opposite circulations [9].
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