Cone Beam CT–Guided Chemoembolization of Probable Hepatocellular Carcinomas Smaller than 1 cm in Patients at High Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

PurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of cone-beam computed tomography (CT)–guided chemoembolization for probable hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) smaller than 1 cm in patients at high risk for HCC. Materials and MethodsFrom December 2009 to May 2014, 57 patients (43 male and 14 female; mean age, 61.1 y) at high risk for HCC underwent cone-beam CT–guided conventional chemoembolization for 79 treatment-naive probable HCCs < 1 cm. Probable HCCs were diagnosed when hepatic nodules showed arterial enhancement and washout on dynamic CT or magnetic resonance images. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional-hazards regression were used to evaluate the time to local progression (TTLP), time to progression (TTP), and overall survival (OS). ResultsInitial follow-up images obtained 2–3 months after chemoembolization showed complete response in all 79 tumors. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year local progression rates were 10.4%, 21.7%, and 35.7%, respectively. Subsegmental catheterization (P < .001; hazard ratio [HR] = .041) and segmental catheterization (P = .001; HR = .049) were significantly associated with longer TTLP. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year progression rates were 40.5%, 66.7%, and 78.6%, respectively. Tumor multiplicity (P = .004; HR = 2.612) was a significant risk factor for shorter TTP. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates were 100%, 98.2%, and 88.5%, respectively. Child–Turcotte–Pugh class B disease (P = .029; HR = 5.989) was significantly associated with shorter OS. No complications occurred after chemoembolization. ConclusionsCone-beam CT–guided chemoembolization can be a useful and safe option for probable HCCs < 1 cm in patients at high risk for HCC.