Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Morphology and Orientation of Styloid Process and Prevalence of its Elongation in Age and Gender

Abstract

Background: Styloid process (SP) is a cylindrical, cartilaginous bone that projects downward, medially from petrous part of the temporal bone on right and left sides. There are variations noted in the SP which results in impingement on nearby vital structures and can cause annoying orofacial pain. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) gives an accurate image without superimposition of adjacent structure. Aim: This study aims to investigate the three-dimensional orientation, length, and morphological variations of the SP using CBCT. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty CBCT images from the age of 20–60 years were retrieved and further divided into three groups (Group I, II, III). The length, anteroposterior angulation (APA), and mediolateral angulation (MLA) of styloid were measured along with its type of classification of elongation and calcification pattern were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 28. Results: In our study, the mean length, APA, and MLA of both right and left SPs were found to be 3.05 ± 1.1 cm, 31.7° ± 6.2°, and 67.3° ± 5.8°, respectively. 41.7% was the prevalence of elongation. No significant difference in prevalence, among age group observed. Type I and Type II classification of elongation was predominantly seen. Type B pattern of calcification was found to be statistically highly significant (P = 0.000) on both right and left sides. Conclusion: Diversity of SP in length, angle, and morphology can occur within individuals across populations and among gender; these variations need to be considered in symptomatic patients.