Conductometric study of hydroelectrochemical parameters for the interaction of cadmium bromide in lump and nano forms with Orange G dye

Abstract

The hydroelectrochemical behaviour of cadmium bromide was investigated in the presence of the dye Orange G. This information can be used to develop conductometric sensors for detecting these substances, understand how they behave in aqueous solutions, and design effective procedures for removing the extremely toxic heavy cadmium ions from contaminated water sources. The hydroelectrochemical parameters for the interaction between lump and nanoCdBr2 with Orange G dye were investigated conductometrically in aqueous solutions at different temperatures. CdBr2 interacts with Orange G as a ligand, resulting in a decrease in conductivity. However, the interaction was more significant with nanoCdBr2, which showed a higher decrease in conductivity compared to lump CdBr2. Two stiochiometric complexes, 1:1 and 1:2, were produced; Kf and ΔGf are higher for 1:1 than for 1:2 (CdBr2/Orange G). With rising temperatures, the formation constants decreased, and the negative sign of ΔGf indicated the spontaneity of the reaction, which increased with rising temperatures. The negative values of (ΔHf) revealed the complexation's exothermic nature, whereas the positive entropy (ΔS) values confirmed that the complex formation depended on molecular entropy since the complex formation was favored by an increase in molecular disorder. The results of our investigation can be utilised to enhance comprehension of the behaviour of these materials in aqueous solutions and create efficient protocols for the removal of very toxic heavy metal cadmium ions from polluted water sources. We think that our study advances the discipline and offers a distinctive viewpoint on this subject.