Abstract
Long-term stability and high-rate capability have been the major challenges of sodium-ion batteries. Layered electroactive materials with mechanically robust, chemically stable, electrically and ironically conductive networks can effectively address these issues. Herein we have successfully directed carbon nanofibers to vertically penetrate through graphene sheets, constructing robust carbon nanofiber interpenetrated graphene architecture. Molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes are then grown in situ alongside the entire framework, yielding molybdenum disulfide@carbon nanofiber interpenetrated graphene structure. In such a design, carbon nanofibers prevent the restacking of graphene sheets and provide ample space between graphene sheets, enabling a strong structure that maintains exceptional mechanical integrity and excellent electrical conductivity. The as-prepared sodium ion battery delivers outstanding electrochemical performance and ultrahigh stability, achieving a remarkable specific capacity of 598 mAh g−1, long-term cycling stability up to 1000 cycles, and an excellent rate performance even at a high current density up to 10 A g−1.
Highlights
Long-term stability and high-rate capability have been the major challenges of sodium-ion batteries
It is envisaged that the MoS2@CNFs interpenetrated graphene (CNFIG) hybrid possess several important advantages due to its unique structural characteristics, including: (i) excellent transportation channels can be integrally preserved during the rapid penetration of electrolyte and rapid transfer of ions for long-term cycles; greatly contributing to the high rate performance of the assembled batteries; (ii) the carbon nanofibers (CNFs) can simultaneously act as supporting pillars between different carbon layers and play an important role in rapid transfer of electrons; and (iii) due to their homogeneous deposition, all the active sites of MoS2 nanosheets can be thoroughly exposed to the electrolyte and Na+, which produces high energy density for the MoS2@CNFIG hybrid
The carbon fiber networks were derived from the electrospun Poly(amic acid) (PAA) fiber networks (Supplementary Fig. 3) under chemical imidization and high-temperature carbonization
Summary
Long-term stability and high-rate capability have been the major challenges of sodium-ion batteries. Graphene is considered a most promising carbon material due to its inherent advantages, including large surface area, high conductivity and exceptional mechanical strength[39,40,41,42] Such advantages would vanish if the graphene sheets restack. It is envisaged that the MoS2@CNFIG hybrid possess several important advantages due to its unique structural characteristics, including: (i) excellent transportation channels can be integrally preserved during the rapid penetration of electrolyte and rapid transfer of ions for long-term cycles; greatly contributing to the high rate performance of the assembled batteries; (ii) the CNFs can simultaneously act as supporting pillars between different carbon layers and play an important role in rapid transfer of electrons; and (iii) due to their homogeneous deposition, all the active sites of MoS2 nanosheets can be thoroughly exposed to the electrolyte and Na+, which produces high energy density for the MoS2@CNFIG hybrid. The MoS2@CNFIG hybrid in this work could inspire more electrode designs with stable inner structures with high rate performance and long-term cycling stability
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