Abstract
Phosphorus is a strategic resource that cannot be substituted in the foods and pharmaceutical industries. It is an irreplaceable macronutrient for crops, cells, humans and animals. The supply risk can lead to geopolitical problems, and it is urgent to encourage the development of environmentally sustainable recovery technologies of phosphorus from various alternative materials. Poultry manure ash produced inside fluidized bed reactor could constitute an alternative resource of phosphorus to phosphate ores. Therefore, the phosphorus recovery in two representative ash samples has been investigated by combining leaching and solvent extraction under optimal conditions. The mineralogy of these samples has been studied in detail to get relevant information for designing the phosphorus extraction process. Although the relative abundances of phases vary between the two samples, phosphorous is mainly present as a hydroxyapatite mineral and in similar amounts in all particle fractions. Potassium, magnesium, sodium are located in other mineral phases (K-Na-Mg sulfates and K-(Na)-chlorides) mixed with the two main Ca-phases, calcite and hydroxyapatite. The poultry manure ashes were digested by dilute sulfuric acid at liquid-to-solid ratios ranging from L/S = 10 mL/g to L/S = 5 mL/g. About 90 wt% of phosphorous in the poultry manure ashes was leached under the optimal sulfuric acid concentration with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 5 mL/g.
Highlights
Phosphorous (P) is a finite resource and an essential nutrient for living beings
The leaching of poultry manure ashes produced in a fluidised bed furnace was investigated to extract phosphorus
FAECO's ash particles were formed at higher pressure and temperature than FACYC's ash particles, which led to the production of ashes with different particle sizes
Summary
Phosphorous (P) is a finite resource and an essential nutrient for living beings. It mainly occurs at mineable grades and tonnages in phosphate sedimentary rock at around 20–50 wt% P2O5 (9–22 wt% P), with Morocco and Western Sahara controlling 77% of the global reserves [4,33,38]. The geological reserves have estimated about 69 million tonnes worldwide, mainly as sedimentary phosphate deposits contain ing fluorapatite and detrital quartz, clays, and carbonate cements (calcite and dolomite). As the worldwide demand for crops continues growing, an increasing need for phosphate fertilisers is ex pected in the upcoming years. As the phosphorus grade in phosphate ores continues decreasing, extraction and processing costs increase [6,28]
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