Abstract
Background Macrophages play important roles in innate immunity and regulate inflammatory responses. It is necessary to tightly regulate inflammation to avoid excessive tissue damage. Therefore, the therapeutic approaches to regulate the inflammatory responses of macrophages are essential to maintain cell functions. Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of the human body and releases anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory factors. The facilitatory effects of ultrasound (US) on the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been elucidated in cultured myotubes in our previous study. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EV-containing conditioned media from US-treated myotubes on inflammatory responses in macrophages. Methods Conditioned media from C2C12 myotubes with/without US irradiation were applied to murine bone marrow-derived macrophages for 1.5 hours. The mRNA expressions of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Conditioned media from both US-treated and untreated myotubes significantly suppressed the expression of IL-1β in macrophages without causing cell damage. US irradiation significantly increased the concentration level of EVs in conditioned media. In addition, the US-treated conditioned media decreased the expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 by 23% and 28% compared to the US-untreated media, respectively. Furthermore, US treatment increased the expression level of Mgl, an anti-inflammatory marker, by 12% compared to US-untreated media. Discussion Ultrasound increased EV release from myotubes and fortified the anti-inflammatory effects of the conditioned media. These results suggest that ultrasound stimulation to myotubes could promote the anti-inflammatory effects via the enhancements in EV release. Conclusion Ultrasound-induced EVs in conditioned media from C2C12 myotubes could suppress the expression of the inflammatory factors in macrophages.
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
