Abstract
The simultaneous application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with non-invasive neuroimaging provides a powerful method for investigating functional connectivity in the human brain and the causal relationships between areas in distributed brain networks. TMS has been combined with numerous neuroimaging techniques including, electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Recent work has also demonstrated the feasibility and utility of combining TMS with non-invasive near-infrared optical imaging techniques, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and the event-related optical signal (EROS). Simultaneous TMS and optical imaging affords a number of advantages over other neuroimaging methods but also involves a unique set of methodological challenges and considerations. This paper describes the methodology of concurrently performing optical imaging during the administration of TMS, focusing on experimental design, potential artifacts, and approaches to controlling for these artifacts.
Highlights
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a brain stimulation technique that uses very strong but very brief magnetic fields to induce electrical currents in the human cerebral cortex (Barker et al, 1985; Hallett, 2007)
Because activations induced in the cerebral cortex propagate trans-synaptically, the concurrent application of TMS and neuroimaging allows functional connectivity between brain regions to be examined in a causal manner
SINGLE-PULSE vs. REPETITIVE TMS Single-pulse TMS refers to the intermittent administration of a single magnetic pulse (
Summary
Concurrent application of TMS and near-infrared optical imaging: methodological considerations and potential artifacts. The simultaneous application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with non-invasive neuroimaging provides a powerful method for investigating functional connectivity in the human brain and the causal relationships between areas in distributed brain networks. TMS has been combined with numerous neuroimaging techniques including, electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility and utility of combining TMS with non-invasive near-infrared optical imaging techniques, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and the event-related optical signal (EROS). Simultaneous TMS and optical imaging affords a number of advantages over other neuroimaging methods and involves a unique set of methodological challenges and considerations.
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