Abstract
AbstractCement is the most used inorganic building material on earth due to its versatility and low cost. Its worldwide production in 2019 amounted to about 4.2 billion metric tons, which has a significant environmental impact. Around 8% of the global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are released from the cement production process. Under current ambitious environmental programs to achieve carbon–neutral buildings, cement industries are facing challenges. Several binding systems had been proposed as an alternative for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). These low carbon binders are showing promising performance in the area of repair and strengthening of deteriorating concrete structures. Hence, this study explores a review of the properties of various binding systems and successful repair applications. This is anticipated to provide engineers with more information about available alternative cement for repair and encourage them to use it as a replacement for cement.
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