Concrete cone failure of single cast-in anchors under tensile loading – A literature review

Abstract

The Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) method, which was first proposed in 1995, has since been adopted in design standards worldwide because of its accuracy and simplicity. With advancements in concrete technology and construction industry, there are new applications whereby the behaviour of anchors cannot be predicted by the original formulation of the CCD method. This paper intends to provide a comprehensive review of the recent research on tensile behaviour of single cast-in headed anchors failing due to a concrete cone failure mode without the influence of concrete edge. The review includes, but is not limited to, studies on the effect of deep embedment of anchors, anchor head size, variation in size and shape of concrete aggregates, prestressed concrete, fibre-reinforced concrete, high strength concrete, lightweight concrete, as well as age of concrete at the time of loading on behaviour of anchors. Where discrepancy is found in the literature, critical review is presented through an in-depth examination of available results. In addition to recent modified (CCD) prediction models, older models are also presented for a better demonstration of how prediction models have evolved over the past five decades. The paper concludes with a detailed list of identified knowledge gaps in the area and proposals for future work.