Abstract
By the late 1950s, various African District Councils in Central and Nyanza Province began to pressure the administration to abolish communal labor or to allow commutation of the work with a cash payment. In some areas, the administration officers relented to a degree and agreed to unofficially terminate communal labor but retain the legal framework of communal labor. In other areas the ADCs were able to negotiate trial runs of commutation. Following independence, the newly independent Republic of Kenya temporarily retained communal labor, along with the penalties for noncompliance. Eventually, Kenya state began to champion self-reliance as a means of development. Under the mantra of self-reliance, communal labor was reborn as harambee or pulling together.
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