Abstract
'Society' will have to be defined according to the needs of the different dialogues or deliberations; sometimes they will need specific stakeholders, like technology businesses, while other initiatives will call for more 'general stakeholders' such as environmental non-profit organization (NGOs) and consumer organisations. When deliberations with citizens somehow simulate a common debate, and stakeholder deliberations resemble hearings, it should be kept in mind that neither debates nor hearings are substitutes for political decision-making, but hopefully they are producing input to the processes. The work towards achieving a 'more democratic science through public engagement' will obviously benefit from a wide range of approaches to citizen and stakeholder involvement and not being confined to just one method. Stakeholder approaches and deliberative processes should supplement the traditional processes by acknowledging and giving legitimacy to lobbying, negotiations, and consensus-driven cooperation, while still being aware that the decisive decisions are taken in the representative systems at municipal, regional, national, or international levels.
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