Abstract
Trivalent lanthanide (Ln3+)-doped inorganic luminescent nanomaterials, emerging as a new class of luminescent bioprobes and as an alternative to conventional molecular probes, have been well developed and pushed forward with unprecedented speed toward diverse biomedical applications in recent years. These nano-bioprobes inherit the unique optical properties of Ln3+ ions such as long-lived luminescence, large antenna-generated Stokes or anti-Stokes shifts, narrow emission bands, high resistance to photobleaching, and low toxicity. By taking advantage of the distinct luminescence of Ln3+, a series of efficient analytical methods, such as heterogeneous time-resolved (TR) photoluminescence (TRPL) and upconversion (UC) luminescence (UCL) assays, homogeneous TR-FRET and UC-FRET assays, downshifting (DS)/UC fluorescence bioimaging, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and targeted drug delivery and optical/magnetic multimodal biosensing techniques, have been established based on these novel lanthanide-doped nanoprobes in the past decade.
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