Abstract

Access to healthy or diseased human neural tissue is a daunting task and represents a barrier for advancing our understanding about the cellular, genetic, and molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency by transient expression of transcription factors was achieved a few years ago. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from both healthy individuals and patients suffering from debilitating, life-threatening neurological diseases have been differentiated into several specific neuronal subtypes. An alternative emerging approach is the direct conversion of somatic cells (i.e., fibroblasts, blood cells, or glial cells) into neuron-like cells. However, to what extent neuronal direct conversion of diseased somatic cells can be achieved remains an open question. Optimization of current expansion and differentiation approaches is highly demanded to increase the differentiation efficiency of specific phenotypes of functional neurons from iPSCs or through somatic cell direct conversion. The realization of the full potential of iPSCs relies on the ability to precisely modify specific genome sequences. Genome editing technologies including zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CAS9 RNA-guided nucleases have progressed very fast over the last years. The combination of genome-editing strategies and patient-specific iPSC biology will offer a unique platform for in vitro generation of diseased and corrected neural derivatives for personalized therapies, disease modeling and drug screening. Stem Cells 2014;32:2811–2817

Highlights

  • Pluripotency is defined by the ability to produce from a single undifferentiated cell type, cell derivatives representing the three germ layers: meso, endo, and ectoderm

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells from both healthy individuals and patients suffering from debilitating, lifethreatening neurological diseases have been differentiated into several specific neuronal subtypes

  • MicroRNAs [19, 20] can produce Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) on their own, without the pluripotency reprogramming genes. It is especially relevant the ability of miR-302 to contribute to iPSCs generation, which is in line with the wellestablished role of miR-302 as a key regulator of pluripotency in human ESCs (hESCs) [21,22,23,24,25]

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Summary

Introduction

Pluripotency is defined by the ability to produce from a single undifferentiated cell type, cell derivatives representing the three germ layers: meso-, endo-, and ectoderm. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from both healthy individuals and patients suffering from debilitating, lifethreatening neurological diseases have been differentiated into several specific neuronal subtypes.

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