Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been routinely used from several years in regenerative surgery without any definitive statement about their potential pro-oncogenic or anti-oncogenic role. ASCs has proven to favor tumor progression in several experimental cancer models, playing a central role in regulating tumor invasiveness and metastatic potential through several mechanisms, such as the paracrine release of exosomes containing pro-oncogenic molecules and the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. However, the high secretory activity and the preferential tumor-targeting make also ASCs a potentially suitable vehicle for delivery of new anti-cancer molecules in tumor microenvironment. Nanotechnologies, viral vectors, drug-loaded exosomes, and micro-RNAs (MiR) represent additional new tools that can be applied for cell-mediated drug delivery in a tumor microenvironment. Recent studies revealed that the MiR play important roles in paracrine actions on adipose-resident macrophages, and their dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and diabetic complications as wounds. Numerous MiR are present in adipose tissues, actively participating in the regulation of adipogenesis, adipokine secretion, inflammation, and inter-cellular communications in the local tissues. These results provide important insights into Adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNA (A-SE-MiR) function and they suggest evaluating the potential role of A-SE-MiR in tumor progression, the mechanisms underlying ASCs-cancer cell interplay and clinical safety of ASCs-based therapies.
Highlights
A clinical need exists for the development of cellular therapy to improve the regeneration of damaged tissues
Strong et al [33] reported that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) that were derived from the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects (BMI > 30) enhanced Breast cancer cells (BCCs) proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo
Tumor-homing properties of ASCs could be exploited in a therapeutic way by transforming ASCs in vehicles to deliver anti-neoplastic agents directly inside a cancer microenvironment
Summary
A clinical need exists for the development of cellular therapy to improve the regeneration of damaged tissues. Because of the complexity of the targeted tissue, tissue-engineering strategies involve the use of cells and biologically active factors to improve new tissue generation. This strategy can involve de novo growth by ex vivo and in vitro culture or by in vivo regeneration. It has become progressively more evident that tumor-cell features are as much important as their interaction with the microenvironment [2] The latter is characterized by a complex interplay between different cellular types coordinated through a composite signaling network [3]. In this review we discussed the role of ASCs, adipokines, chemokines and Adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNA (A-SE-miR) in the inhibition of cancer growth, to promote the wound repair
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