Abstract
Background/AimThe Questionnaire: Children with Difficulties (QCD) is a parent-assessed questionnaire designed to evaluate child’s difficulties in functioning during specific periods of the day. This study aimed to evaluate difficulties in daily functioning of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) using the QCD. Results were compared with those for a community sample.MethodsA case–control design was used. The cases comprised elementary school students (182 males, 51 females) and junior high school students (100 males, 39 females) with PDD, whereas a community sample of elementary school students (568 males, 579 females) and junior high school students (180 males, 183 females) was enrolled as controls. Their behavior was assessed using the QCD, the Tokyo Autistic Behavior Scale (TABS), the ADHD-rating scale (ADHD-RS), and the Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory (ODBI) for elementary and junior high school students, respectively. Effects of gender and diagnosis on the QCD scores were analyzed. Correlation coefficients between QCD and TABS, ADHD-RS, and ODBI scores were analyzed.ResultsThe QCD scores for the children with PDD were significantly lower compared with those from the community sample (P < 0.001). Significantly strong correlations were observed in more areas of the ADHD-RS and ODBI scores compared with the TABS scores.ConclusionsChildren with PDD experienced greater difficulties in completing basic daily activities; moreover, their QCD scores revealed stronger associations with their ADHD-RS and ODBI scores in comparison with their TABS scores. The difficulties of PDD, ADHD and OBDI symptoms combined in children makes it necessary to assess all diagnoses before any therapy for PDD is initiated in order to be able to evaluate its results properly.
Highlights
Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), one of the most common developmental disorders, is a neurodevelopmental disorder presenting with persistent core symptoms of qualitative and quantitative failure of communication and delay in language development [1]
Strong correlations were observed in more areas of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-RS and Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory (ODBI) scores compared with the Tokyo Autistic Behavior Scale (TABS) scores
The difficulties of PDD, ADHD and OBDI symptoms combined in children makes it necessary to assess all diagnoses before any therapy for PDD is initiated in order to be able to evaluate its results properly
Summary
Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), one of the most common developmental disorders, is a neurodevelopmental disorder presenting with persistent core symptoms of qualitative and quantitative failure of communication and delay in language development [1]. Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) such as hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and inattention are frequent among individuals with PDD [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Children with severe ADHD often had ODD for comorbid disorder [8]. We examined both ADHD and ODD symptoms in children with PDD in this study
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