Abstract
Adopting three physically-motivated scales (“micro” – “meso” – “macro”, which refer to mpc – kpc – Mpc, respectively) is paramount for achieving a unified theory of multiphase active galactic nuclei feeding and feedback, and it represents a keystone for astrophysical simulations and observations in the upcoming years. In order to promote this multi-scale idea, we have decided to adopt an interdisciplinary approach, exploring the possible conceptual similarities between supermassive black hole feeding and feedback cycles and the dynamics occurring in human cancer microenvironment.
Highlights
Several scientific problems show complexities that can be understood only through a multi-scale approach, in which apparently disjointed processes are linked together across multiple scales
By analyzing different cell lines, Yu et al [31] observed 79 proteins that were differently expressed in exosomes between more and less metastatic tumors, and these proteins were implicated in cell adhesion, invasion, growth, metabolism and metastasis [31]
Tumor-derived exosomes are crucial for the formation of pre-metastatic niches [32], which are necessary for the creation of a suitable environment for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) colonization and growing within a secondary site [33]
Summary
Several scientific problems show complexities that can be understood only through a multi-scale approach, in which apparently disjointed processes are linked together across multiple scales One of such examples is the astrophysical study of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), which resides at the core of virtually every galaxy in the universe. For a value of the SMBH mass of ≃ 1010 times that of our Sun, this corresponds to a scale in units of parsec of 1 mpc = 10−3pc ≃ 1014 ° cm This scale is larger than the distance between our Earth and the Sun, but it is negligible when compared to the size of a typical galaxy that can span a radius of more than 10 kpc. The study of AGN and their host galaxies is inherently a multi-scale problem
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