Abstract
4D printing (4DP) is a promising technology that enables additive manufactured parts to be programmed for actuation, reducing the need for external power or electromechanical systems. As this area of research has grown exponentially, this review paper aims to define and establish fundamental concepts and terminologies used in the field of 4DP. The objective is to encourage researchers to adopt a more consistent approach and a standardized set of vocabulary associated with this emerging field. Even though the paper covers the most widely used definitions, the multidisciplinary nature may mean that certain words could be used interchangeably or have a different meaning in another context.
Highlights
4D printing (4DP) is a promising technology that enables additive manufactured parts to be programmed for actuation, reducing the need for external power or electromechanical systems
There is an urgent requirement for a better and a more unified understanding toward fundamental concepts and terminologies used in 4D Printing
Due to the limits of space, this paper will define and establish the fundamental concepts and terminologies used in 4DP
Summary
Organization for Standardization (ISO) TC261) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International) F42’s efforts toward the standardization of terminologies [1], the work of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [2], and other publications [3,4]. Due to the limits of space, this paper will define and establish the fundamental concepts and terminologies used in 4DP. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive coverage of definitions, the multidisciplinary nature of this field may mean that some terms could still be used interchangeably or have a different meaning in another context. As this technology continues to evolve, these definitions should be continually revised and updated
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