Abstract
Electroporation is a pulsed electric field triggered phenomenon of cell permeabilization, which is extensively used in biomedical and biotechnological context. There is a growing scientific demand for high-voltage and/or high-frequency pulse generators for electropermeabilization of cells (electroporators). In the scope of this article we have reviewed the basic topologies of nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) generators for electroporation and the parametric capabilities of various in-house built devices, which were introduced in the last two decades. Classification of more than 60 various nsPEF generators was performed and pulse forming characteristics (pulse shape, voltage, duration and repetition frequency) were listed and compared. Lastly, the trends in the development of the electroporation technology were discussed.
Highlights
High intensity pulsed electric fields (PEF) can trigger increased permeability of biological cells to exogenous molecules to which the cells were initially impermeable [1]
In the scope this article, we reviewed the for scientific papers reporting developed nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF)
This topology has been adopted for PEF generation and widely used in electroporation applications [30,31]
Summary
High intensity pulsed electric fields (PEF) can trigger increased permeability of biological cells to exogenous molecules to which the cells were initially impermeable [1]. Sci. 2020, 10, generators is high, the trends in applications of nanosecond PEF make it viable As it can be seen, there is a definitive rise in publications in the last decade, which partially is a consequence of better availability of pulse forming switches on the market. A similar trend is observed in the frontier of short microsecond or sub‐microsecond pulses using high frequency bursts (Figure 3), which possibly is a natural transition step from long micro‐millisecond to the nanosecond range.
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